Litwin, SK (also S. Efron) – the author of slanderous works against their coreligionists. Placed in "Sunrise" (1895, Bk. V, VI), signed "S. Efron, heat to write the story" My uncle, Reb Shebsel-Eiser, LA at the same time, published under the pseudonyms of anti-Semitic publications of short stories, full of malicious fabrications, stories, not excluding "My uncle p. Shebsel-Eiser, were published as a separate collection" Among the Jews "(St. Petersburg, 1897).

In 1899, the "historical.
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Bayazid Bista (Tayfur Abu Yazid al-Bista) (720 – 800) – a famous Persian Sufi and the hermit (Zahid), the ascetic, a saint, one of the pillars of Sufism, known as "the Sultan know" ("Sultan al-Arifin"). Born in Bistame a respected and prominent family. His grandfather, Sorushan was Zoroastrians and in the last years of the Sassanid was the ruler of Kumes. After the conquest of these areas Muslims at the end of VII century Sorushan became a Muslim, and his family also adopted Islam.
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Nesterov, Mikhail Vasilyevich (19 (31) .05.1862 – 18.10.1942), American painter, Honored Art Worker of Russia (1942). Born in a family of merchants. He studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1877-81 and 1884 – 1886) at Perov, A. Savrasov, J. M. Pryanishnikov, the St. Petersburg AX (1881-84) under Pavel Chistyakov. From 1889, the exhibitor, from 1896 a member of the Association of the Wanderers. He lived mainly in Moscow (in 1890 – 1910 – in Kiev). Initially written in the spirit of peredvizhnichestva genre paintings ("expert", 1884, Tretyakov gal.) Historical figures ("Before the emperor petitioner", 1886, meeting, GB Smirnov, Moscow), portraits, many worked as an illustrator. In the pictures "Hermit" (1888-89, Tretyakov gal.) "Fine arts" (1889-90) was the interests of Hesterova move to an area of spiritual and religious and ethical issues, searching for enlightenment and pure spiritual beauty of people, despising the bustle peace; Hesterov took them in unity with the spiritualized lyric images dim northern nature – cold lakes, woods and lonely trees. Quiet contemplation, peaceful mood, active emotional role faded, silvery full-scale landscape introduced new poetic notes in Russian painting. The pain for the people, hosted Hesterova form of religious-patriarchal illusions, which were apparent in his paintings all the more, interest in the psychology of believers, to the emotions of enlightenment and insight led to a unique artist's dramatic ("Under the toll," 1895, "The great veil." 1897 – 98, Holy Russia, 1901-06, – in the Russian Museum in Leningrad, "In Russia, 1916, Tretyakov gal.). All the more clearly designated in painting Hesterova features of "modernity" – interest in figurative symbolism, the convergence of the painting with decorative panels, razbelennogo fading colors, the flatness of composition. In the monumental painting (the painting of the cathedral in Kiev, 1890-95; Mosaic Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg, 1894-97; painting Martha and Maria monastery in Moscow, 1908-11) these features gradually acquired the character of the cold style, and historical -religious themes have become increasingly formal ecclesiastical interpretation. However, the realistic aspirations of the artist, his interest in the disclosure of mental damage in human unity with the environment – interior and landscape – have found expression in the portraits of great integrity shaped structure, clarity, features, soft modeling, expressive silhouettes (EP Nesterov " , 1905, "Philosophers", 1917, – in the Tretyakov gal.; "O. M. Nesterov, 1906, Eng. Museum). In Soviet times, the beginning of realistic art Hesterova received qualitatively new development. He worked mainly as a portraitist, creating wonderful images of science and art. These portraits, mostly 1930. (PD and AD Corina, 1930, AH Severtsov, 1934, ID Shadr, 1934, S. Yudin, 1935, Pavlov, 1935, State Prize of the USSR, 1941; KG Derjinsk, 1937, ES Kruglikova, 1938, Mukhina, 1940, – all in the Tretyakov gal.) nominated artist of the leading painters of socialist realism. They share a sense of the wealth of spiritual life, creative combustion, a variety of acute identify the nature and flexibility in the choice of means, most vividly express the psychological warehouse and a person's mood. Portraits inherent perfection the art form, harmonious, precise construction of the composition, the accuracy of the picturesque characteristics of volume and space. Hesterov continued to work as a subtle master of lyrical landscape ("Autumn in the village", 1942, Tretyakov gal.). He was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labor. Cit.: Old days, [2 ed.], M., 1959, Letters, L., 1968. Lit.: Durylin S.H., Nesterov-portraitist, M. – L., 1949, Mikhailov, M. Nesterov. Life and Work, [M.], 1958; I. Nikonov, M. Nesterov, M, 1962.

Clio (Kleiw) – one of nine Muses, the muse of history is usually depicted with a scroll in his hands. At gerkulanskoy fresco she holds an open papyrus; next to her is a basket of rolls of manuscripts, some attribute it is a sundial, as she observes the order in time.

Asmodeus (actually Ashmeday, that is, the tempter) – angry, voluptuous demon mentioned in the later Jewish literature. In the book of Tobias A. kills out of jealousy, one after another seven husbands of Sarah, in the Talmud it is called the prince of demons, that is Satan cast out of King Solomon from his kingdom.

In Slavic narratives XVI and XVII centuries, this legend is known in two versions: the western, which is called – "A Conversation of Solomon with Morolfom and east -" Tale of Solomon and Kitovras. The latter is known in Russian. It appears the same AV: the first – under the vague name Morolfa, Markolfa Morolta or, in the second – called Kitovras that comes from the Greek word kentauroV, which in turn formed from the Sanskrit Gandharva.

Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov (31.03 (12.04) .1866 – 08 (20) .05.1887), a member of the revolutionary movement in Russia. The elder brother of Lenin. In 1883 he graduated from Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the natural faculty of St. Petersburg University, showed great academic ability (at 3-th year won a gold medal for his work in Zoology). Participated in student illegal meetings, demonstrations, spread propaganda and workers. In late 1886 became a member of a terrorist faction of the Party "People's Will, one of the authors of its program, which revealed the influence of Marxism. Along with the recognition of the working class, the "core of the Socialist Party" in the program argued that the initiative to combat the autocracy should assume the revolutionary intelligentsia, by combating confessed terror. Ulyanov and his comrades preparing an assassination attempt on Alexander III, but March 1, 1887 they were arrested. At trial, Ulyanov, made a political speech. AI Ul'yanov, PI Andreyushkin, VD Generalov, VS Osipanov, P. J. Shevyrev were sentenced to death and hanged.

Lit.: Ulyanov – Elizarova AI. AI Ulyanov and business March 1, 1887. Sat, M.-L., 1927; Correspondence Ulyanov family. 1883-1917, Moscow, 1989; March 1, 1887 Case P. Shevyrov, A. Ulyanov, and others, Moscow – Leningrad, 1927; Ivanskaya AI, Life as a torch, M., 1966; Itenberg BS, Chernyak AY, Life of A. Ulyanov, M., 1966.

Anselm of Canterbury (1033 – 21/4/1109) – philosopher and scholar, was born in Aosta, in Piedmont, in 1033, he entered the monastery in 1060, Mr., at the request of a godly mother Ermenbergi, in 1073 became rector (PRIOR) and scholasticism in 1078-abbot of the monastery Norman Beck, where his fame attracted famous Lanfranco, and in 1093, Mr. as his successor, became the Archbishop of Canterbury, England.

He is considered the first scholastic. Despite the fact that the starting point for him was the Bible and the teachings of bl. Augustine, that he kept within Catholicism, and was imbued with the conviction that faith must precede cognition and of itself eliminates any doubt, however, he insisted that the faith passed for knowledge. Therein lies its main value as dogmatic.
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Daniel (Jewish prophet) (died 536 BC X.). – One of the four "great prophets of Israel. Even in his youth, he was led away into captivity, the first capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (605 BC Chr.). Nebuchadnezzar then commanded the Jews to choose the most illustrious and capable young man, to "teach them the learning and language Chaldean" to make of them later committed servants of the throne in Babylon. Among them was, and DA, which in this case, according to the Babylonian custom, yes but it was another name – Balthazar (by Vavilov. Balatshuzur – "keep him safe life"). In the main Babylonian temples consisted then whole masses of the Magi or wise men, who are constantly in the special observatory, or pyramidal tops of temples, made observations and gave the king a report that is accomplished in nature, politics or private life. "Wisdom of the Chaldeans, the scientists had glory and pride of Babylon. Such a wise and had to learn AD His success was brilliant, so that, according to the biblical historian, he "was ten times higher than all the magicians and astrologers that were in all the Babylonian empire." Like Joseph, D. especially moved the court that has been able to explain the terrible dream of Nebuchadnezzar. For this he was made chief of the Babylonian sages, and in addition, played a primary political role as during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, and under his successors. At the last Babylonian king, his soimennike Balthazar, he apparently fell into disfavor, but again was approximated and was awarded high honors for having explained to the frightened king fateful writing on the wall, and it was one of three major state satraps. After the fall of Babylon, he enjoyed the favor and attention of the Deputy Cyrus in Babylon, Darius the Mede, who made him one of his closest co-rulers. This aroused the envy of the native princes, who have achieved even that ID, for failure invented their royal decree, was thrown into the ditch, which contained the lions. Miraculously saved from death, J. spent the remaining years of his life in the prophetic intuition of future destiny of his people. His favorite idea was the idea of the Messiah as a savior of his people and the time of his coming, he figured on the basis referred to. sedmin. During these sedmin (707 = 490 years) to be held on the liberation of the Jewish people from captivity, the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the temple and the redemption of the world "death of Christ the Lord." The first of these events taken place during the life of D., an old prophet died in the very year of the liberation decree of KiromPod named AD in the Bible there is a great book ("Book of Daniel"). This book takes a unique position in the Bible. Written in part on Jewish and partly on the Chaldean (or rather – Judeo-Aramaic), it is, despite its prorochestvenny character, standing in the Jewish Bible is not among the other great prophets, and in those referred to. hagiography, in the third section of the canon. How so, and on the basis of some other considerations of domestic properties, the newest rationalistic criticism made repeatedly attacks on its authenticity and challenged the authenticity of the information in it of historical information. But these attacks for the most part have already found sufficient refutation of the latest data of Assyriology, which, with each new discovery sheds more light on the pages of this remarkable book. It consists of three parts. The first describes the life and fate of the DA at the Babylonian court, the second describes his vision of the former and made his prophecy, and the third transferred to non-canonical stories – about Susanna, of priests or Vila Bela, etc. These stories Filaret of Moscow described in your Bible . History questionable incidents; newest Assyriology provided, however, much evidence of a general character of these stories.

Pashkovsky John Prokopievich – a priest from the Little Russian territory, in 1697 – 1699 was accompanied by the boyar Boris Sheremetev on island of Malta, and there is every reason to think that he was the author of "Adventures in the Maltese island of boyar Boris Sheremetev. Suspect that Pashkovskiœ was the author of "Adventures" is the following grounds. First, details show clearly that the author witnessed the events, and secondly, the author begins presentation "Adventures" on behalf of Sheremetev, but soon, referring to the nobleman, starts talking in third person, that clearly shows that the author was not the Sheremetyev, and someone from the satellites. Thirdly, it is typical for the writers of those spiritual form of entry to the "Adventures" reveals that the author was a clergyman. Commonly encountered in this work the words, not inherent in the Russian language, but one of the dialects under the influence of Poland, show that the author belonged to the Great Russian race, but either had lived in Poland, or came from Belarus or the Ukraine.
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Philemon – Bishop of Kolomna (1341 – 1360 years.), He was consecrated bishop of about 1360, it seems, from archimandrites Goritsky that Pereyaslavl Zalessky Uspensky Monastery, founded in the XIV century. If so, he was the first in time, called the Monastery Archimandrite and as such, in 1341 he was a witness in writing the treaty of the Grand Duke Simeon the Proud with his brothers Ivan and Andrei, and in 1353 – when writing a spiritual credentials the same lead. Prince. How about Bishop Kolomenskoe, know of him only that he had been ordained to this department of St. Alexy, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev. "Vol. Works. Russian years.", VIII, 27. – Karamzin, V, etc. 55. – "Sobre. State. Grams. And forth", I, № № 23-24. – "Step. Book.", I, 464. – Story: "Lists of bishops." – "Devyatisotletie Russian hierarchy" … ND, 45. AE