Jupiter Bio

Jupiter (Juppiter, Jupiter) – the ancient italic god of heavenly light, or light of heaven, with its atmospheric phenomena – the rain and storm, bearer of fertility, abundance, victory, help and healing, the supreme source and guardian of the rule of law, loyalty, cleanliness, and finally the supreme, "all-good and all-powerful king of the gods and the people." In ancient ritual formulas, he urged, like Mars (Marspiter), as otets – a name that has become the second part of (- piter), a word Y. As regards the first part of the word, she reveals the inner content of the concept of a deity: the root iov or diov, repeated in Latin. words divus, dius, deus, dies, interdiu, in Greek. ZeuV (from DgeuV), meaning to shine, ciyat, both varieties, root, iov and diov, found in the Italic dialects – the ancient Latin and oskskom. In late and usually the name of God – Juppiter – found more ancient and provincial, Diovis, Jovis, Diovispater, Juvepater, Jupater and preserved in the cult fetsialov Diespiter. The original meaning of the word Yu as the deity of heavenly light and the sky, confirmed the expression of sub Jove (= sub divo – outdoors). As the god of light (J. Lucetius), Yu was venerated in the uplands and symbolized himself light not only daytime, but night: that's why he focused on full moon days (Ides), when the heavenly light dominates the whole day, to the same day timed holidays consecration most of its churches (13th Sept. – Temple-merciful Almighty Yu, 13th April. – Temple Yu Winner, 13th June – Temple Nepobedimogo Yu) and two feasts (epula), 13 Sept. get along. and 13 November.

In every ides, which are called Jovis fiducia (pledge of the heavenly presence Yu) and feriac Jovis (holiday Yu) in a solemn procession led by the holy street to the Capitol white sheep (ovis ldulis), which flamen slew in honor of the god at the northern top of the hill. Designed as a bright sky (J. Serenus), Yu managed and celestial phenomena – rain and thunderclouds, and the Italians, creating such a representation, expressed his not live images and myths, but only in rituals and prayers associated with them. During the heat from Yu begged for rain and called him as J. Elicius, or Imbricitor, or Pluvins, or Pluvialis, how generous God (Almus, Frugifer), supplying life-giving water meadows, fields and vineyards. During a drought the ritual aquaelicium (sobstv. extortion water) with the participation of lapis manalis (rain-stone), which lay in front of Porta Capena near the Aventine altar Yu Elitsa. The stone, which had the form of circles, from which drops of water produced, the pontiff was dragged in a procession around the city, and participated in the ritual of Magistrates (no signs of their official dignity) and matrons with disheveled hair and bare feet. Irrigation process terminates at the Capitol conventional offerings. Hoping for mercy fruited God, the villagers prior to planting in the fall and spring offer Yu ugoschenie (daps), urging it as Juppiter Dapalis. How Ruminus (breastfeeding), Pecunia (patron of cattle), Liber or Libertas (bestow abundance; J. Libertas temple was on the Aventine), he sent people to the abundance and fertility. The special protection enjoyed his tenants: as on Aug. 19 occurred Festival Vinalia rustica, sanctifying the beginning of harvest, with most opening of the grape season, going with the participation of Jovian priest (Flamen Dialis; flamen of flag-men = cozhigatel, Wed rus. Priest Jer-Twa from the mountains-et, fever), which slope the first bunch, and slew the calf in honor of the god. On 11 th October, the holiday of Meditrinalia, when at the end of the vintage tasted fresh juice with old wine, uttering words novum vetus vinum bibo, novo veteri vino morbo medeor (new drink, I drink old wine, new cast disease, cast out the old wine) . Finally, 2З April, the feast of the first Vinal (Vinalia priora), autopsied wine last collection, making in honor of Yu libation (calpar). – But the fruit-bearing cloud condenses into a thundercloud – and Yu appears before us in the image of God and the terrible lightning: as J. Fulgur or Fulgurator (god of lightning striking), J. Fulmen or Fulminator (God lightning arrows), J. Tonans, or Tonitrualis (god of thunder – from the time of Emperor. Augusta, who, on the occasion of his miraculous rescue from the storm built in honor of Yu temple on the Capitol, sanctified in 1922 BC Chr.), J. Summanus (god of night storm) and Veiovis (god of malicious thunderstorms).Recognizing the storm manifestation of divine will, the Romans tried to send this will in their favor, and taught the Etruscans, hid thunderstorm phenomena through the ceremonies, which were outlined in the special storm-books (libri fulgurales, I. tonitruales). Te same book gave instructions on how to deal with objects and places, struck by lightning. Thus, if lightning strikes the ground, then lumps the last carefully collected and buried (fulgur condere), most also place stop in the form of a quad open the sarcophagus, which looked well (ruteal). Trees struck by lightning, cleaned, and where they were bred new; man struck by lightning, buried in the same place, and the surviving gained fame favorite pet Yu, transforms into posterity. Y. symbol as the lightning god, was the flint (silex), kept in the ancient temple of the god on the southern top of Capitol Hill: This flint was closely related to the religio-legal practice board priests fetsialov, and Yuri, who called for under the guise of the silicon ( J. Lapis), called J. Feretrias (Yu striking – from ferire = to beat, strike).

In connection with the cult Yu Feretriya is a representation of this God as the source and guardian of the legal order, truth, faithfulness, God himself (= stone), pinning the sacrificial animal (pig), binds the contract and imposes an obligation to comply with its contracting parties. In private life, as well as in public, oath Yu stone was considered the most sacred. In closely related to Y. Feretriyu are Dins Fidius (God of faithfulness) and Fides (Fidelity), and for the same idea of the sanctity of legal principles and the property is in the form of Yu term guardian of boundaries. Since Yu Feretry countersigned contract, it nevertheless chastised their violators; therefore urged citizens who fought with the enemy, violator of the treaty. If a Roman general could kill the enemies in single combat leader, he initiated off his armor – booty (spolia opima) – the temple Yu Feretriya. In general, Yu, like Mars, and Quirinus, during the war was a patron of orthodox side: he gave a victory (Victor, Invictus), aid (Opitulus), smash enemies in the back (Supinalis), inspired belligerence (Impulsor), attributed the stability of the army ( Centumpeda, Stator), drew the enemy in flight (Versor), sent booty (Praedator). Particularly outstanding were cults Yu Stator and Victor. Yu stator had two temples in Rome, one of whom has been on New Street, near the ancient gate that led to the Palatine (Porta Mugonia), was founded to fulfill a vow, this Marc Atilio Regula in 294, during the III-her Samnite war, and another built Quintus Caecilius Metellus of Macedon after his triumph (146 BC X.), located next to the temple of Juno the Queen at Via Flaminia Circus. The temple in honor of Victor Yu was erected on the Quirinal to fulfill a vow, this Fabio Quintus Maximus in 295 PM – exclusively political character prevails in the cult of the Capitoline Yu, an all-merciful, omnipotent (Juppiter Optimus Maximus), who embodies all the power of the government and power, the consciousness which could climb the Roman people. The ancient temple of the god was consecrated, according to legend, the first year of the republic consul Mark Horace at the Capitol, and, probably under Greek influence. Yu Capitol in the cult joined with Juno and Minerva. Same Trinity (Triad) to the base of the Capitoline temple, had a sanctuary (thereafter known as Capitolium veins) at the Quirinal. Day of the base of the temple was 13 September (the September Ides), when arranged in honor of the feast Yu (eruIum) on the same day in the
early days of the republic had started the civil year. As a sacred center of the State Capitol sanctuary involved in many acts of religioznogosudarstvennoy life of Rome. Thus, on the date of magistrates in the post was done at the Capitol solemn sacrifice, during which the consuls slaughtered a white bull and say the vows, the same happened in the administration of magistrates in the provinces to the army. Further, the triumph triumph served as a kind act of thanksgiving celebration in honor of Yu, who represented himself victor.Like Yu, the last at the entrance to the city on a chariot (quadriga), was dressed in a tunic embroidered with palms and images of victory and the purple robe adorned with gold in his right hand was the ivory scepter surmounted by an eagle, above the head his crown of gold adorned his face as the face of the statue of the god, was painted in bright red color of red lead (minium). Upon reaching the temple in solemn procession, Y., victor sacrificed and placed on the knee of the statue a laurel wreath, then place a religious celebration. Related triumphal celebration, games in honor of Yu (Iudi magni) later became isolated and under the name of the Roman Games (Ludi Romani) have become routine in, and, in remembrance of the old connection with the triumphal celebration, Magistrate, who was in charge of the device was in the guise of the most triumphant and procession (pompa), heading from the Capitol to the circus, was a triumphal imitation. The main day of the Rome Games in epulum in honor Yu fell on the Ides of September, (September 1З), yet the festival (in August) went from 4 th to 19 th of September, days before the feast, were devoted to the scenic views, and the days that followed him – a circus, which immediately preceded the day of testing of horses (probatio equorum). Also included plebeian cult games (Ludi plebei), which had a feast on the Ides of November (November 13), and which lasted from 4 th to November 17. By the October idam (15 th October.) Timed who had local significance Capitoline games (Ludi Capitolini), get along at their own expense residents on Capitol Hill. Yu Capitoline Temple was laid, according to legend, when Tarquinii and built in the architectural style of the Etruscans, from the local tuff. Images Yu made from clay in Etruria, was located in the central niche of the temple: a statue of the god was dressed in a tunic of palm and purple, embroidered with gold cloak, the face of God was painted red with red lead. Here, in the middle niche of the temple there were meetings of the Senate at the beginning of the civil year, and in cases of declaration of war. On the right hand Yu rose in a special niche of a clay statue of Minerva, on the left hand – Juno. The pediment of the temple was decorated with images of clay, the clay was taken as the chariot (quadriga) featuring Yu, stands on top of the gable. Inside the temple, and its walls housed a lot of offerings, statues, inscriptions, tables with the text of laws and public documents. Treasury of the temple was so filled with a collection of articles devoted to God, that in 179 BC Chr. was made cleaning unnecessary sacrifice. A fire in 1983 BC Chr. destroyed the temple to the ground, and burned stored in the basement Sibylline books, but remained intact standing at the entrance to the temple statues of the Roman kings and were rescued treasures. By 1978 church was rebuilt in the same amount, but in a more magnificent form and consecrated Apt. Lutatius Katula; statue of Zeus was carved from gold and ivory Apollonius, on the model of the statue of Olympian Zeus, and brought from Erier Sibylline books restored to their original location. In the 1-m. by P. Chr. Temple was destroyed twice by fire (69 and 80), but recovered – the first time Becpacianom second time Domitian (in 1982 by R. Chr.). Since V in. Temple repeatedly plundered, and in the Middle Ages, was razed to the ground. In the XVI century. on the former site. The temple was built surname Caffarelli palace. On the square before the temple Yu were: the altar (ara), where sacrifices triumph, magistrates on the day of taking office, etc., as well as boys when they reach adulthood; aedes thensarum (room where he kept the chariot of the gods and the whole apparatus , serve processes); Curia Calabra, before which the younger Pontifex announced the coming of non; Casa Romuli; built by Domitian temple Yu Savior (Conservator) and the Guardian (Custos). Under the area were placed underground chambers (favisae), which kept church vessels. Of the sculptures that adorned the vast number of temples and the area in front of him, mentions the statue of Yu, Hercules, Liber, Nemesis, good outcome, Good Fortune, statues of famous Romans, the Roman kings (Brutus, Quintus Marcius Rex, Quintus Fabius Maximus, Lucius Scipio Lucius Caecilius Metellus, Caesar, Augustus and many emperors).

In the imperial era of the political significance of the Capitoline cult remained in full force and occupied the Capitoline triad among the Roman deities first place, the name of the Capitol has become a symbol of the Roman state religion and the cult of the Capitoline Triad has spread to the provinces. Outside Rome existed independent cults Yu: in Praeneste venerated J. Arcanus, in Tibure J. Praestes, in Tusculum J. Mains, in Lavinia J. Indiges (unidentified with Aeneas), in Volskaya J. Anxur (Anxurus). The most prominent of Italic Cults cult was J. Latiaris, which recognized and Rome, as a former chairman and member of the ancient Latin Union. Temple Yu Latsiyskogo stood on the Alban Mount, which occur annually in federal holiday Latiar, get along Roman consuls or equivalent dictator (dictator feriarum Latinarum), with the participation of representatives from the allied cities (their number when Tarquin the Proud, according to legend, it was 47). During the Roman festival in Latsii installed the Peace of God, and renew an agreement between the individual states. The holiday was a portable (feriae conceptivae) and lasted four days, while often, as a result admitted to the rank of administration of the holiday mistakes Festival resumption first (instanratio). Usually feriae Latinae appointed soon after joining consuls in office. Under Augustus, on the basis of old records, was drafted a weather chart Feriae Latinae, starting with the era decemvir; it was carved in stone and annually thereafter replenished under the emperors. Simultaneously with the administration Latiar'a on the Alban Mount sacrifices and arranged equestrian competition at the Capitol, with the winner receiving a dose absiniya (bitter drink) – a symbol of health and bodily strength. At the Alban Mount was celebrated as the triumph of the victors, who, for whatever reason have not received permission to celebrate the complete triumph in Rome: the triumph of the opposition on the Alban Mount arranged at the expense of a triumph, with the latter, as in ovatsii, was decorated with no laurel and myrtle wreath. Yu Cult in Rome was run by a special priest – flamens (Flamen Dialis), who lived at the foot of the Palatine, besides the interpreters of the will of the heavenly signs Yu (interpres Jovis), were augurs, who had on the northern top of the Capitol, an observation tent (auguracuIum). Yu countersigned marriage to no per confarreationem (J. Farreus), was a patron of the rising young (J. Juventus, Adiiltus), which was under the protection of the goddess Juventa, who had a sanctuary in the temple on Capitol Yu Yu In private life has been worshiped as deus penetralis (applicant household well-being) and hospitalis (patron of hospitality).