Historic Russian

Biography of Jonah

admin — Thu, 11 Nov 2010 17:19:51 +0000

Jonah – Bishop of Chernigov and Bryansk. Reference was made bishop of Chernigov and Bryansk in 1499-1500, respectively. In 1500, after studies Chernigov Russian troops Bryansk department was closed, and the Bishop Jonah was sent to Moscow. His further fate is unknown.

Literature: S. Bulgakov Handbook for clergymen clergy. – Kiev, 1913, pp. 1417. Stroyev P. Spiski bishops and abbots of the Russian Church. – SPb., 1877, pp. 509. Historical and statistical description of the Chernigov diocese. Filaret (Gumilevsky): 7 kN. – Chernigov, 1873. – Kn. 1, pp. 28-32. Records relating to the history of Western Russia, collected and published Archeological Commission: 5 tons – St. Petersburg., 1846-1853, № 168. Russian Biographical Dictionary: 25 tons – St. Petersburg.; M., 1896-1913. – V. 8, pp. 318. Durnovo. Devyatisotletie Russian hierarchy 988-1888. Dioceses and bishops. – M., 1888, pp. 25. Macarius (Bulgakov), Metropolitan. Russian Church History: 9 tons – M., 1994-1997. – T. 5, pp. 88.

Fortune Biography

admin — Thu, 11 Nov 2010 10:42:09 +0000

Fortuna (Fortuna) – the Roman goddess worship her – one of the oldest, borrowed from Rome cults Italic origin (di novensidenses). Tradition has a clear idea only later F., welcoming Greek Tukh, ascribes the introduction of the cult favorite of fortune, a former slave Survey Tuliyu. The oldest, the original meaning of the goddess is difficult to determine. Its ancient temples were fanum Fortis Fortunae and aedes Fortunae, on the forum boarium. Judging by the nature of the holiday Fortis Fortunae and time it was (June 24), one might think that the original meaning of the goddess was agricultural – deification of the accident, an unforeseen combination of circumstances that play such an important role in the life of the farmer. Another character is the FA cattle market, and its close relationship and proximity with the Mater Matuta suggest that, as Matuta, she was a goddess, patroness of women at the same points, and mixing it with Rudicita, and the custom of bride to bring a gift to this F . virginalis their girlish dress. The same goddess was another temple dedicated to the via Latina, based on the legend Kopiolanom, where the goddess was worshiped under the name F. muliebris. Such attitudes to women seen in the cult of F. virilis, which prayed on April 1, women of lower classes in the men's baths, its celebration coincided with the celebration in honor of Venus. We have, therefore, along with the goddess-protector of purity and chastity goddess who protected the opposite qualities of female nature. Cult FM was borrowed, probably from Latsiya, where anciently famous for its temples in Antium and Preneste. Especially famous. was prenestinskaya goddess, known Primigenia, ie, the first-born daughter of Jupiter. This alien to the Latin religious association of the idea is probably the result of foreign, may be Greek influence. The nature of the goddess as patroness of women and their fertility, manifested in her dedication inscriptions matrons, begging children, and the image of the goddess with two babies at the breast, like similar to the goddess in Capua and several other countries, particularly Gallic and Germanic deities of similar value. A distinctive feature of the cult prenestinskogo were predictions that gave a goddess, and they were recorded on a stick of oak tree removed as lots (sortes). This, again, alien starolatinskim religious beliefs trait led to the fact that the cult of the goddess prenestinskoy later entered Rome. First Temple F. primigenia was consecrated in 194 BC, the Chr., at the Quirinale, and soon there and then have another temple of the same goddess and the temple of F. rublisa why and locality became known as ad tres Fortunas. Publica p (opuli) R (omani) was the epithet and goddesses of the other two churches, which gives the right to conclude that the cult of the goddess prenestinskoy joined the cult of the goddess-protector of the Roman people happy. The cult of the goddess of fortune soon differentiated by hundreds and thousands of individual denominations. Bogie patrons of certain individuals, groups, institutions, days, seasons, etc., thousands of Roman men of genius and personifications shared the general notion of happiness and success for thousands of small parts: already in 101, and perhaps before, there is a Rome, Temple GF huiusce diei – deities, which guarantees a happy ending of the day; even earlier, in 180 g., is devoted to a dictator Apt. Fulvius Flaccus equestris F. temple to the goddess, protectress of the Roman cavalry, in memory of a happy cavalry charge in the Celt Iberian War 180 th, in the mind the ability of this deity to differentiation, along with the prevalence in society purely material interests, AF is the most popular goddess of the Roman Pantheon, and is revered by thousands of names and nicknames. Typical in this regard the words of Pliny the Elder: "all over the world, everywhere at all hours of the day the votes of all calls and call one FA, one of her accused, prosecuted, about her one thought, one praising her, her one-incriminate. Cursing revere her volatile, many consider her blind, wandering, fickle, false, forever changing, the patroness of the unworthy. She put about, and debit and credit, and in all books of account of the death, she takes one and the one and another page. "She devoted thousands of altars and chapels across the face of the Roman Empire, and its image is in any household shrine, appears on coins and more frequently on the subjects of industry and household, she prevails, along with Mercury – the same god of material gain and fortune – on cut stones, marks on the lead of the various applications, for lamps, coin boxes, bottles daily use, etc. Popularity goddess contributes and what it includes, as an official part of, the cult of the emperors, under the name F. Augusta, along with the genius of Augustus in Pompeii and other places in her first days of the empire dedicated to the temples. In Rome, special reverence since his return in August with the East in 1919 to Robert Chr. enjoys G. Redux. Cult FM retains its official value, and after August, before the later period of the empire. AF is commonly depicted as dressed woman leaning one arm on the steering wheel, and the other holds the cornucopia. Sometimes she is represented standing on a ball or run into him his main attribute – the steering wheel. Differentiation is characterized by the addition of attributes, for example. ship's nose (F. navalis). Image FM adapted to a variety of personalization, standing with her in a more or less closely related: Felicitas, Hilaritas, Concordia, Fides et al anyway adjacent to its type. By virtue of its overall value to it is easy to blend other deities, both F. merged with Isis, establishing for himself in Rome, beginning with 1., Enormous popularity, there is even a direct embodiment of its comprehensiveness – the cult F.

Biography Epiphanius the Wise

admin — Thu, 11 Nov 2010 01:24:47 +0000

Epiphanius the Wise (d. 1420) (not canonized saint) – Lives of the originator, a student teacher. Sergei Radonezhsky. He lived in the late XIV and XV in the beginning., Traveled to the East, was in Constantinople on Mount Athos, in Jerusalem, and died about 1420, in the dignity of priesthood and the spiritual father of the Trinity Lavra. He is the author of "Life St. Sergi", which he began writing a year after the death of teacher., Personal memories, and collecting information from other elders, and ended around 1417 – 1918, 26 years on death series (excerpts in "Stories the Russian Church "Makarov, VI, 353). In the lists of the XV century. This life is very rare, but for the most part – in remaking Pakhomy Serba. Other op. EG: – "Word praiseworthy St. Our father Sergius" (in the hand. XV and XVI cent.) In the "Life of St. Stefan of Perm '(1397, published by NI Kostomarov in the" masterpiece of ancient Russian literature ", IV, 119 – 171). Archbishop. Filaret ascribes E. "The Legend of E. Mnich on the way to St. Land of Jerusalem." See N. Barsukov, "Sources of Russian hagiography" (192, 515, 546); E. Golubinsky, "Prep. Radonezh Series" (1892).

Biography Ganymede

admin — Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:04:42 +0000

Ganymede (Ganymedes, mneol.) – Son of the king of Troy, because of the extraordinary beauty of its kidnapped by the gods to heaven, where became a favorite and cupbearer of Zeus. In another legend, the Zeus himself through his eagle stole G. Since G, as an attribute, is in possession of the vessel, it identified with the god of the Nile, ancient astronomers placed him in the constellation Aquarius. From the pictures, the famous statue of the Vatican (on Leochares): G., holding a shepherd's crook, carried away by the eagle of Zeus in the sky – as well as statues of Carsten and Thorvaldsen.

Spartacus Biography

admin — Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:03:53 +0000

Spartacus (SpartakoV, Spartacus) – leader of the slaves in the so-called war of gladiators in 73 – 71 years. BC Chr. Thracian origin, he first served in the Roman army, deserted and became a robber, but then was captured and was admitted to the gladiators. Gladiator school where he was held was in Capua, and belonged to Mr. Batiatu Lentulus, who had so cruelly treated by his gladiators that SA, with about 70 companions (Thracians, Gauls and Germans), fled from him and sat down near the Vesuvius. Soon rumors spread about the robberies committed by the Celts S. Creeks and Enom, and the number of runaway slaves and gladiators grew with each passing day. S. was a man of vigorous and courageous and distinguished by an extraordinary military experience, and even strategic talent, so that soon he was able to form from the crowds who gathered a well-organized army, with which in the course of 3 years was the terror of the Romans. Victory over the praetor Variem increased the number of rebels, who now had no less than 70000. At the end of 1973 almost all of southern Italy was in their hands. In 1972 they were sent against the consul L. Cornelius Lentulus and Gellius. S., pleased with the results, wanted to return home, but most of the troops did not agree with this. As a result, about 30,000 slaves led Creeks separated from the main squad, but were soon defeated praetor Arriem. SA is not only managed to win both the consuls, but going beyond it, one after another broke and the proconsul Cassius Longinus, and Pretoria Mr. Manley. No one now could not stop him to leave Italy and return home. However, all these victories before inspired the insurgents, what they want to learn by Rome. Like Annibale, C., however, the attacks on Rome was not done, but contented himself by pointing to the fear of the Romans their appearance and then went to Southern Italy. In this critical situation of the Senate decided to circumvent the newly appointed consul in 1971, elected chief praetor M. Krass and gave him six new legions. Roman soldiers were afraid of strong S. Krass, knowing that his legacy was divided S., commanded, by lot, select a certain number of soldiers and executed them in the presence of his comrades. This severe measure is impressed by the Roman soldiers. They have courageously pursued S. and surrounded him on all sides at the southern part of the gross. S. tried to flee to Sicily: he entered into negotiations with the pirates, with their assistance to be able to cross there. " However, pirates, getting forward the freight money – disappeared. S. was forced to enter into negotiations with Crassus and asked to grant him a free retreat, Crass sharply denied. Then S. made a desperate sortie, and penetrated. Flock rebels again flooded the whole of Italy and everywhere spread fear and horror. However, soon again separated from S. detachment, which was immediately destroyed by Romans. C. with the remnants of his army occupied a strong position near the hinges, but coaxed his party, left and joined with the Romans in a battle in which he was killed. Most of the rebels had been killed, 6000 were captured and were crucified along the road from Capua to Rome, about 5000 had fled to northern Italy, but were there defeated by Pompey, who was returning from Spain. see Schambach, "Der italische Sklavenaufstand 74 – 71 v. Chr." (BA, 1872); Hartwig, "Der Sklavenkrieg des Spartacus" (Part 1, Meiningen, 1894); F. Munzer, "Der erste Gegner des Spartacus" ("Philologus", v. 55, 1896, p. 387 cl.).

Biography of Abd al-Karim

admin — Wed, 10 Nov 2010 22:32:11 +0000

Abd al-Karim (1881 (1882) – 1963) – leader of the uprising Rif tribes of Morocco's Rif and the head of the republic (1921 – 1926). After the uprising was exiled. In 1948 – 1956 in Cairo, headed by the Arab Maghreb Liberation Committee.

Bio Flora

admin — Wed, 10 Nov 2010 13:35:24 +0000

Flora (Flora) – drevneitaliyskaya goddess, whose cult was widespread among the Sabines, and especially in central Italy. She was the goddess of flowers, flowering, spring and the field of fruit, in her honor at the Sabines was named the month of April or May of the corresponding (mese Flusare = mensis Floralis). According to legend, Titus Tatsiy put her in Rome, the altar, in addition, there existed a special Flaminio, who was in charge of the cult (flamen Floralis), and she sacrificed arvalskie brothers. If the ancient celebrations spiski not conclude mentioning the festival in honor of AF, it is because he, like other agricultural festivals, was moving (feriae conceptivae). Probably, this holiday was originally inquired in late April or early May, but was later replaced by games in honor of F. (ludi Florales), which refers to the establishment of 238, when the temple was dedicated AF P 173, the games celebrated once a year ; in Caesar's time the festival continued six days. Because the construction of the temple and the establishment of games were prescribed Sibylline books, and most Floralia notoriously loose character, then surely ludi Florales, covered with the name of the Roman goddess, were of Greek origin. Sanctuary Italic Flora rustica, on the Quirinale, was probably not the temple (aedes sacra), a chapel (sacellum).

Biography Kandorskogo Ilya Mikhailovich

admin — Tue, 09 Nov 2010 08:58:39 +0000

Kandorsky Ilya Mikhailovich – the priest of the Moscow Pokrovsky that Kudrin, church, lived in the late ХVПІ century, spiritual writer and translator of spiritual and moral books. Biographical information about him there. From his writings we can see that he led a solitary life.

He is the author: "The Christian, discernment of contempt of worldly vanities, in 3 parts, translated from the Latin (AM 1795). "Heart of sensation, rupture from father to son in the last hours of life" (p. 1798); "spiritual retreats, serving to restore to the Christian good of its rules," translated from a foreign (AM 1799). – Other works, sometimes attributed to him, belong archpriest Ivan Kandorskomu. Filaret, "Review of Russian. Spirit. Lit."; Gennady: "Dictionary".

Biography Sklobovsky NC Dimitri

admin — Tue, 09 Nov 2010 02:59:44 +0000

Sklobovsky NC Dimitri (1831) – spiritual writer, Fr, dean of the cathedral Ostrogozhsk; education in the Voronezh Theological Seminary. Major works: "Patriarch Nikon of the new historical directions" ("Orthodox. Review", 1883), "Shtunda. A detailed analysis and refutation of the teachings Stundists" (Moscow, 1888), "Holy Mitrofan, first bishop of Voronezh and miracle-worker (Moscow, 1888).

Biography of Apostle Paul

admin — Sun, 07 Nov 2010 21:51:07 +0000

The Apostle Paul – the greatest preacher of Christianity in the I. among the Gentiles, thus called "Gentiles". P. – son of wealthy Jewish parents who belonged to the party of strict adherents of the Mosaic law – the Pharisees (Acts XXIII, 6). In his youth he received a good education at a famous school of Gamaliel, who differed from other scribes breadth of views that came to the recognition of the value and Pagan books. In this school, Paul is not only thoroughly studied the whole law of Moses with all the subtleties of his Talmudic interpretations, but also met with the Greek literature, as it appeared in his famous speech before the Athenian Areopagus, where he quoted passages from the Greek poet (Acts XVII). The original name was Saul, and Saul – obviously in honor of King Saul of Israel, belonging to one knee with him – Benjamin. Talented young man with extensive learning, he could not remain indifferent to that had begun in his time, great movement, and he, like many Israelis, eager coming of the Messiah, but together with other Pharisees – expect to see in it the mighty king who would restore the Jewish kingdom in all its splendor its ancient grandeur. Great was his surprise and resentment when part of the Jews and even more Gentiles recognized Messiah unknown teacher from Nazareth, contemptible, despicable devoted to death on the cross. According to him, it was madness. He tried to engage in disputes with Christians, but met with an absolute conviction that drove him to exasperation. Then he began to persecute Christians just as harmful madcaps, and was one of the closest members Stoning protomartyr Stephen (Acts VII and VIII, 1). Not satisfied with the blood of a martyr, Saul, they decided to make a general persecution of Christians, and with this end in view, backed by the authority, went to Damascus, but in the way there with him to perform that wonderful change which transformed Saul of a violent persecutor of the great preacher of Christianity – Pref. P. (Acts IX, XX, XXVI). After an appeal, the life up. AP is a history of continuous missionary work which he tirelessly performed on the whole vast, from the depths of Asia to the capital of peace with – Rome, and even, according to legend, then – to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to Spain and Britain. Through his sermons were formed centers of Christianity in Asia, and around the northern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, on which he made several voyages, and he endured repeated shipwreck. He served his idea with admirable devotion, neglecting all the difficulties and dangers. His life up. P. finished in Rome, where he was, according to legend, condemned Nero to headless, was executed along with an. Peter in the 29 day of June, when the church and honor their memory. According to conventional chronology, it was about 1965 by Robert Chr. Activity Pref. AP was expressed not only in the missionary work, but also in writing, and he is one of the prolific writer of the apostolic age. He owns 14 messages that were written at different times and in different circumstances, but all of which are vividly expressed in his religious moral outlook, as reflected religious and moral state of the world at the time of transition. In his letters we see the first purely theological systematization of Christian doctrine, and organization of this in the hands of gifted and education from the Apostles has been very bold originality that gave rise German critics even see in his theology, something different from the initial of Christ's teachings, the so-called pavlinizm as something quite different than simple hristianizm. But most scholars believe that this view is based on a misunderstanding, blending form with the essence of what is really in the epistles of apostles. P. genuine primitive Christianity has found itself a brilliant literary expression, and that the gospel Pref. AP is essentially identical with the gospel. The life and message Pref. P. are the subject of a vast theological literature, from which we can mention only the most outstanding works. From the biographies of the best known: Conypeare aud Howson (AL, 1850-52, 2 volumes), and had many titles; Farrar, "Life and Works of St.. Pref. P. (In transl. Lopuchin AA, St. Petersburg., 1888, several editions); Innocent, "St. Pref.P. et al; from theological studies: Gr. Meyer, "Entwicklung. d. Paul. Lehrbegriffs "(1801); Scholsten," D. Paulinische Evangelium "(1881); Pfleiderer," Der Paulinismus "(1873) in Russian professor. Glubokovsky," the gospel Pref. P. and rabbinical theology (St. Petersburg, 1897). From the Commentary on the Epistle P.-known comments Meyera, De-Wetle, Lange, Schalf'a, Ellicolt'a and many others. Other.