Schmidt, Nicholas P. (10 (22) .12.1883 – 13 (26) .02.1907), a member of the Revolution 1905 – 1907. Member RSDRP Bolshevik. Born in the family furniture factory owner. He studied at Moscow University. Taking possession of the furniture factory to nab, from 1 May 1905 introduced the 9-hour day instead of 11 1/2-chasovogo, raised salaries, opened at the factory clinic and special general education courses. In 1905, gave the Moscow Committee RSDLP 20 thousand rubles. to the arming of the workers. Bequeathed his fortune of the Bolshevik Party. December 17, 1905 Schmitt was arrested. When the suppression of the December armed uprising of 1905 the factory was destroyed. On the night of February 13, 1907 Schmitt was killed in a single cell Butyrskaya. The funeral was turned into a political demonstration.

Lit.: Andrikanis EH, Boss "Devil's Nest, 3 rd ed., M., 1975.

KAMO (party pseudonym of Simon Ter-Petrossian Arshakovich) [15 (27). 5.1882, Gori - 14.07.1922, Tbilisi], a professional revolutionary. A member of the Communist Party since 1901. Born to a merchant. From 1901 distributing illegal literature at Tbilisi, Baku, Batumi, Kutaisi, Gori and other cities, was the organizer of clandestine printing plants. In November 1903, was arrested in September 1904 escaped from prison. In 1905 participated in organizing workers fighting squads. During armed clashes between the workers and the troops in December 1905 in Tbilisi, led the team working fighters got in a battle with the Cossacks, 5 wounded. He was arrested and imprisoned in the castle Metekh, tortured, but managed to escape. In March 1906 he went to St. Petersburg, where the first meeting with Lenin. According to his assignment went abroad for the purchase and transportation of weapons in Russia. To ensure that the party funds, in the 1905-07 organized a series of expropriations of money from the royal treasury. In November 1907, he was arrested in Berlin by German police, to evade trial and not to be issued by the tsarist government, feigned madness. At the end of 1909 was issued by the Russian police, imprisoned in the castle and put Metekh court-martial. August 15, 1911 escaped from a prison hospital and moved to Paris. By order of Lenin established transportation in Russia party literature. In 1912 he returned to Russia, was arrested and sentenced to death, later commuted by amnesty in 1913 to 20 years in prison, who served in Kharkiv convict prison. In March 1917 he was released. In December 1917, on behalf of SG Shaumian had been sent from Baku to Petrograd with a letter to Lenin and 8 January 1918 in Tbilisi brought letters from Lenin and CHK RSFSR decree appointing a temporary emergency Shaumian Commissar of the Caucasus. The summer of 1919, Lenin instructed Camo organize guerrilla army for action behind enemy lines, and wrote in the PBC of the Republic, that he knew Camo "… as a man quite exceptional dedication, courage and energy …" (Poln. Works. Op., 5 ed., V. 51, pp. 42). Camo established in 1919, guerrilla army, which operated under the Kursk and Orel, and then to the rear of the troops of General Denikin on the southern front. Kamo through Astrakhan on a fishing boat in the sea brought in Baku arms and money for the underground party organizations and guerrillas of the Northern Caucasus. In January 1920, was arrested in Tbilisi, the Menshevik government and deported. In April 1920, participated in the preparation of an armed uprising for Soviet power in Baku. In May 1920, arrived in Moscow, studied at the Military Academy. In 1921 he worked in the Foreign Trade. Since the beginning of 1922 he worked in the Commissariat of Georgia. He was killed, caught in the car. Lit.: Bitter M., Kamo, Coll. cit., v. 17, M., 1952: Bibineishvili W. E., Kamo, M., 1934: Harutyunyan, A., Kamo, Ep., 1957; Shaumian L., Kamo, [M., 1959].

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805 – 1872) – the famous Italian revolutionary. Upon completion of the course the University of Genoa, was engaged in Genoa, then to Leghorn literary work. More homes have developed in democratic ideas, Mazzini became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari, which was soon ordained a master's degree, and then the "great elect". In 1830, he was betrayed, arrested and sat out 6 months in the fortress of Savona.
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Ulyanov Maria Ilinichna (06 (18) .02.1878 – 06/12/1937), member of the Russian revolutionary movement, Soviet politician and statesman. A member of the Communist Party since 1898. Sister VILenin. In 1895 she graduated from high school in Moscow, studied at University for Women, participated in the student movement. In 1898 – 1899 she studied at the Brussels University. Since 1899 the professional revolutionary, has been working in Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky), Moscow, Kiev, Saratov, St. Petersburg. Since 1900 "Agent Sparks, a member of the Bureau of Russian organization" Sparks "in Samara (Kuibyshev). Since 1903 worked in the Secretariat RSDLP. In 1904 – 1965 was in Geneva in 1905 – 1907 – in St. Petersburg. In 1908 – 1909 Member of Bolshevik sections in Geneva, Paris, carried out orders of Lenin. From 1910 worked in Moscow, Saratov, in 1911 arrested in 1912 – 1914 in exile in Vologda province. Since 1915 in Moscow the Party organizations, carried on correspondence with the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee. After the February Revolution of 1917 co-opted to the Bureau RSDLP (b). From March 1917 until 1929 a member of the editorial board and executive secretary of Pravda, one of the organizers of the worker and village correspondent movement, since 1924 the editor of the Workers 'and Peasants' correspondent. From 1929 worked in the Lenin Institute, prepared for publication by Lenin's letters to his relatives, collections of materials on foreign abstracts Lenin. Since 1932 member of the Presidium of the CCC, CPSU (b) and the NC Board of RCTs of the USSR, the head of the joint office of complaints NK RCTs USSR and RSFSR. Since 1934 a member of the Commission's Bureau of Soviet control, the head of the Bureau of complaints. Delegate 6, 13 – 17 th Party Congress, 14 – 16 th Congress elects a member of the CCC, CPSU (b), the 17 th – a member of the Soviet Control Commission. In 1935 elected a member of the CEC of the USSR. Author of memoirs about Lenin. Awarded the Order of Lenin. She was buried in Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

Cit.: Governance rabselko Cooper traffic, Moscow, 1928; worker and village correspondent movement abroad and international communication, Moscow, 1928; Father Lenin – I. Ulyanov. 1831 – 1886, MM-L., 1931; mother of Vladimir Ilyich – MA Ulyanov, "Questions of Party History, 1964, № 4.

Lit.: VI Lenin, Letters to his family. 1893 – 1922, Vol. coll. cit., 5 ed., v. 55; Correspondence Ulyanov family. 1883 – 1917, Moscow, 1969; about Lenin. [Sat] 2 ed., Moscow, 1966; M. Ulyanov – secretary of Pravda, Moscow, 1965 (bibl.); Ershov, DA, M. I. Ulyanov, 2 ed., Saratov, 1965, Stepanov VN, Tikhonov 3. N., loyal assistant to Ilich, "Questions of Party History, 1968, № 2.

Savinkov Boris Viktorovich (Literary pseudonym B. Ropshin) (19 (31) .01.1879 – 07/05/1925), Russian politician, one of the leaders of the Revolutionary Party, the writer. In 1903 SR, 1903 – 1906 one of the leaders of the military organization. He participated in the killings Interior Minister VK Plehve, Moscow Governor-General of the great book. Sergei Alexandrovich. In 1906, he was arrested, sentenced to death, fled. In 1907 due to disagreements with the leadership coming out of the SR. In 1909 he published the novel "The Pale Horse", in which he expressed his disappointment in the terrorist struggle. In 1911 he emigrated. He published the novel "That which was (in 1914) on the events of the Revolution 1905 – 1907 and shows the decay of the SR. During the 1-st world war in 1914 – 1918 served as a volunteer in the French army. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution in 1917 he returned to Russia. He was Commissioner of the Provisional Government at the Supreme Command Headquarters, then Commissioner of the Southwestern Front, comrade minister of war. Savinkov maintained contact with the LG Kornilov and AM Alekseev, was a member of the reactionary "Council of the Union of Cossack Forces. After the October Revolution of 1917 participated in the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in 1917, was part of an anti-Soviet "Civic Council, founded by Don gene. Alexeyev, participated in the creation of the Volunteer Army. In February-March 1918, created in Moscow, the underground counter-revolutionary "Save the Fatherland and Freedom". In 1919 overseas negotiated with governments of the Entente by white troops. During the Soviet-Polish war of 1920 was president of the Russian political committee "in Warsaw, participated in the preparation of anti-Soviet military units (SN Bulak-Bulakhovich, etc.). In 1921 – 1923 led espionage and sabotage activities against the USSR. In Paris in 1923 he published his novel "black horse" of the futility of the white movement. Arrested on August 16, 1924 after the illegal crossing of the Soviet border. At trial, Savinkov repented his crimes, admitted the collapse of attempts to overthrow the Soviet regime. August 29, 1924 was sentenced to death, which was commuted to imprisonment for 10 years. In jail Savinkov was able to engage in literary work. He wrote and sent letters to some heads of white emigration to stop fighting against the Soviet state. Suicide. Exposure of anti-Soviet activities Savinkov devoted novel VI Ardamatskiy "Retribution" (1972) and the movie "Crash (1969).

Cit.: In prison, [Preface AVLunacharsky], Moscow, 1925; Memories of the terrorist, [Foreword F. Cohn], 3 rd ed., [X., 1928]; Posthumous articles and letters, Moscow, 1926 .

Lit.: Boris Savinkov before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, Moscow, 1924; Shomaro A., "Swamp Ropsha experiences", "Science and Religion", 1966, № 4; Korovin, VV, Rusanov E. P. Case of Boris Savinkov, "History of the USSR, 1967, № 6; Anashkin G. 3. Boris Savinkov before the Supreme Court of the Soviet state," The Soviet State and Law, 1973, № 6; Golinkov DL, Crash anti-Soviet underground in the USSR (1917 – 1925), Moscow, 1975, pp. 664 – 74.

Pugachev Yemelyan (about 1744 – 1775) – leader of the popular movement, called on his behalf, Pugachevshchina. Time of birth is unknown; during the interrogation on Nov. 4, 1774 AP Sheshkovskomu showed that he was of age 30 years – means he was born about 1744. His country was Zimoveyskaya village in the Don Army Region. In his youth, Pugachev and his father worked in arable farming; schismatic, he never was. 17 years was identified in the service and will soon marry the daughter of a Cossack Sophia Dmitriyevna Nedyuzhevoy.
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Pedro Abad Santos (1876 – 1944), Vice-Chairman KP Philippines from 1938 until his arrest in 1942, the liberation struggle against the Spanish and American colonizers in 1896 – 1901.

Founder and leader of the Socialist Party in the 30's.
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Szyszko Leonid Emmanuilovich (19 (31) .05.1852 – 20.01.1910) (alias: PB, P. Batin, the Annunciation, etc.), Russian revolutionary, writer, historian. Son forester. In 1871 he graduated from the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy in St. Petersburg in 1871 – the beginning of 1872 he studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. From 1872 member of the St. Petersburg circle Tchaikovsky, spread propaganda among the cadets and the workers party "going to the people", the author of the revolutionary pamphlets, leaflets "What's happening, my friends …". He was arrested in Moscow on August 14, 1874, on "process 193" was sentenced to 9 years of hard labor. In 1890 escaped from exile abroad, one of the founders of the "Fund Free Russian Press", in 1902 SR, a member of the foreign committee of the party and member of the newspaper "Revolutionary Russia". Translated "The history of the revolutionary movement in Russia," A. Tuna (the first work on this subject). Work Szyszko on the agrarian question and the history of social movements in Russia are typical populist historiography.

Cit.: Sobre. cit., v. 4, P. – M., 1918; Stories of Russian History, Part 1 – 3, P., 1917 – 1918, Essays on Economics and History, P., 1917; Social Movement in the sixties and first half of the seventies, M., 1,920. Lit.: In memory of LE Szyszko, [Paris], 1910; Trinity H. A. A large company propaganda 1871 – 1874, Saratov, 1963.

Figner Vera (husband of Filippov) (25.06 (07.07) .1852 – 06.15.1942), Russian revolutionary, populist, a member of the Executive Committee of the People's Will ", a writer. Of noble family. In 1863 – 1869 studied at Rodionovsky institute for young ladies in Kazan, in 1872 – 1875 – Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich. In 1873 entered the circle "Fritsche", whose members were later kernel "All-Russian social-revolutionary organization." In December 1875 returned to Russia, since 1876 a member adjacent to the "Land and Freedom" Populist Party "separatists" (N. Bogdanovich, and others), participated in the demonstration of Kazan in 1876 in St. Petersburg. In 1877 – 1879, working assistant, led the promotion of the villages of Samara and Saratov Province. In 1879, he participated in the Voronezh Congress of Land and. After the split of "Land and Freedom (1879), Member of the Executive Committee of People's Will". Vela revolutionary propaganda among the intelligentsia, students and officers in St. Petersburg, Kronstadt and the South of Russia. Took part in the establishment and operation of the military organization "People's Will" in plotting the assassination of Alexander II in 1880 in Odessa and in 1881 in St. Petersburg. After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, March 1, 1881 led revolutionary work in Odessa. In 1882, the only remaining member of the Executive Committee in Russia, tried to restore the wrecked police "People's Will". As a result of treachery SP Degayev arrested in Kharkov (10/02/1883). By "process 14" (1884) sentenced to death, later commuted to penal servitude. For 20 years, serving a solitary confinement in Schliesselburg fortress. In prison, she wrote poetry (1 ed.: "Poems", 1906). From 1904 in exile in the Arkhangelsk and Kazan Province., In Nizhny Novgorod. In 1906, he traveled abroad, where he launched the campaign in defense of prisoners in Russia (performances in various cities in Europe, collecting money, a brochure about Russian prisons, translated into many languages). In 1907 – 1909 adjoined to the SR, after revelations of betrayal EF Azefs resigned from the party. In 1915 he returned to Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917 was engaged in literary work, has begun abroad memoirs "Sealed work" (1 ed., H. 1-3, 1921 – 1922) – one of the best works of Russian memoirs. The book brought Figner worldwide fame and was translated into many foreign languages. Figner was a member of the Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles, collaborated in the journal "penal servitude and exile, the author of biographies of the People, articles on the history of the revolutionary movement in Russia 1870 – 1880's. The heroic revolutionary past, unwavering principles and honesty created Figner huge moral authority.

Cit.: Vol. coll. cit., v. 1 – 7,2 Vol., M., 1932; Sealed work, v. 1 – 2, Moscow, 1964. Lit.: Matveeva, E., V. Figner, M., 1961; Pavlyuchenko, EA, V. Figner, M., 1963.

Jean-Paul Marat (24/05/1743 – 07/13/1793), figure of the French Revolution, the scientist and publicist. Settled in France sixteen years, until 1765 and studied natural science and philosophy in Bordeaux and Paris. Experienced it the ideological impact of the Enlightenment, ch. way – Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, L. Sh. In 1765 he moved to Britain, where he studied natural sciences and medicine, had a medical practice. In 1769 published a book of Marat "An eye disease, then others were published of his work in medicine and physics. In 1775 Edinburgh Univ Marat awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In the same year in Amsterdam, came the scientific and philosophical work Marat "About …", the man was greeted negatively by Voltaire and Diderot, for her direction of anti-materialist. In 1774 was published anonymously (in English. LANG.) Marat's first political essay "The chains of slavery" which deals with the struggle against the feudal-absolutist system, proving the inevitability of the revolution and puts specific questions of the revolutionary struggle. These innovative ideas are developed in Marat published in 1780 in Neuchatel politico-legal work, "Plan of the criminal law." In 1776 Marat lived in Paris where he gained renown medical practice and research in physics. Since the beginning of the revolution Marat left scientific studies, devoting himself to serving the people in revolt. Booklets 1789 Gift of the fatherland "and" Firefox "he developed the idea to unite all progressive social forces in the struggle against absolutism. Since September 1789 he published the newspaper "Friend of the People", became popular as a fighting organ of the revolutionary democracy. The newspaper has consistently advocated the development objectives of the revolution, tearing the mask from those who under the guise of false and hypocritical phrases sought to hinder its further progress. Marat predicted the betrayal of the revolution by J. Necker, O. Mirabeau, then M. J. Lafayette and conducted a relentless struggle against them in the days when they were still at the zenith of fame. With the same determination he later denounced the duplicity, the half-hearted policy of the Girondins, led them, eventually, to the position hostile to the revolution. The persecution of the authorities, harassed by political. Marat opponents forced to leave in January 1790 in the UK back in May of that year, hiding in the underground newspaper published (in December. 1791 – April. 1792 he was again in the UK). Paying attention mainly political issues, Marat worked out well and social problems of the revolution, firmly and consistently defending the interests of the people and its poorest. In this way he gained immense popularity among the masses. In 1792 he was elected to the Convent. In an effort to consolidate all the revolutionary forces to defeat the invaders, Marat renamed the paper "Friend of the People" in the "newspaper of the French Republic" ("Journal de la Republique francaise"), declaring it a new course – forgetting party differences and unite all forces in order to save republic. However, the Girondins did not accept his proposal. In April 1793, Marat (contrary to law as integrity of its members), according to the decree of the Convention, which made the Girondins, was arrested and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal, but was acquitted and triumphantly returned to the people in Convent. M. Robespierre, Marat, and, as the leader of the Jacobins, led the preparation of the popular uprising 31 May – 2 June 1793, overthrew the power of the Gironde. Severe illness prevented Marat actively participate in the Convention after the establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship. However, the patient Marat continued to produce their own newspaper. Killed S. Corday. Marat's funeral turned into a huge political demonstration. Cit.: Les pamphlets, P., 1911, in Russian. per .- fav. Random., v. 1-3, Moscow, 1956, Letters 1776 – 1793, Moscow, 1923. Lit.: Fridlyand TS., JP Marat and civil war in the XVIII., 2 ed., Moscow, 1959, Manfred A. 3., Marat, Moscow, 1962; Chevremont F., JP Marat, vl- 2, R., 1880; Mass in J., Marat, P., 1960.