Biography of Muhammad

Muhammad (20.04.671 – 08.06.632) – founder mohammedanskoy religion. Born in Mecca. He was originally from koreyshit, of the sort, perhaps even noble, but very poor and not powerful. His father, Abdollah, grandson of Hashim, was a merchant and died before the birth of a son. Six years later she died and the mother of M. – Emin, born in Medina, she was different, apparently, sensitive and nervous temperament, his son she gave to some time in the wilderness, to the development of Bedouin Halima (Sprenger, this tradition has denied, but Wellhausen is true). Sirota took his first grandfather Abdol-Mottalib, then uncle Abu Talib, a man of noble and kind, but extremely poor. The boy soon had to make my own bread (Kor HS111, 6): for a meager wages he was hired goats and sheep graze the Meccans (occupation, is considered low), but collected the berries in the wilderness for days on end he did not see a human face. The 24-year-life of M. entered the service of a rich, aristocratic widow Hedidzhe and traveled on its trading business, with a caravan to Syria, the driver of first, then the clerk. An elderly Hedidzhe boy liked so much that she even against the will of his father, offered him his hand. The marriage (rich children, of whom the children soon died) was given by M. koreyshitskom known weight in the society and hardly been concluded by selfish calculations: the young M. sincerely loved his wife, who was his senior by 15 years (when later, after the death of Hedidzhi, the MM was too many wives, the most beloved of them Aisha to one of living rivals are not jealous of her husband as much to the deceased "toothless old woman"). Hedidzha surrounded by her husband purely maternal custody. Freed from worries about daily bread, MA soon began to worry about other issues – religious. His countrymen were actually polidemonistami, they inhabited the whole of nature, and certain areas of the house by invisible spirits, good and bad, were the idols of tribal and family, which turned a very familiar and feared them more out of habit born of the Arab pantheon in the temple of Mecca . In many cities fashioned idols and sold the Bedouins, but for those often enough and it was a simple stone, contemporary, MA, El-Otaridy, said that in an extreme case of the Bedouin piled up a heap of sand on a camel milked, and it was really an idol. Above all the gods and goddesses of pre-Islamic Arabs recognized the one God, under the name "Almighty God" ("Allah Theale). Small gods called him children. That God swore in early contracts written formula: "in your name, Allah, evil people called" the enemies of Allah, God, this had no cult, and most representations of Arabs on it were extremely confused (a minority of researchers, including including Renan thinks that monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabs are an ancient trait, and most especially ethnographers – that the latest). Religious fanaticism of the Arabs in general were neither to Islam nor after Islam, and because of them have long had a chance to extend to other religions: sabeizm, Persian magism and, above all, Christianity and Judaism. However, neither the one nor the other religion, could not quite meet the Arabs: Christianity was for them too dogmatic, and Judaism – are too ethnic. Therefore developed a number of new (but little or unorganized) sect "Hanlfs" (which means, according to Vellgauzenu "ascetic"), they preached the practical (ethical) religion – belief in one God (not dogma) and the doctrine of retribution. Belief in one God was with Hanlfs are identical with the "presentation" myself to His will (in Arabic "Islam"), as well as later Hanif called himself M., Sprenger is a well-known law says that Islam preached in Arabia before the M . (on Hanify Poet Umayya clan of Taif, then the enemy M., see Sprenger I, of 110 – and 118 Bulak. ed. "Kitab-ol-Agani", III, 186 sq.; on Zeida Meccan – by Ibn Hisham 143 sq., a Sprenger 1, 82 sq., with the translation of his poems, about the Abu Kaisho – by Ibn Hisham 348 sq., 39 sq.; of Abu Emir Medina – at Vakydiya 103, 161, 190, 410; in general about all of that is I Op. Sprenger). Hanif was the best in Medina. In Mecca at the time of M. famous Zeid, the son of Amr, openly rebelled against idolatry and the citizens who lived in exile far from Mecca, Hanif was also a cousin Hedidzhi – Barak.Hanifa differed lukewarm faith and, judging by Zeid, even a tendency for proselytism, however, the vast majority of Arabs skeptical (as is now the Bedouin) remarkably little interest in speculation about God and the Hereafter, and do not feel the slightest need to look for a new religion, and part with the glorious religion ancestors, which, moreover, few of them bound. In the cities, perhaps, the belief was stronger than in the desert Bedouins, who have, and generally the most sober, skeptical and calculating the Arab race, European researchers (Dozy, Wellhausen, Mueller) does tend to deny the worship. MS in many respects resembled his countrymen. It was a dreamy, thoughtful man, extremely nervous temperament. Usually he was in a melancholy mood, he spoke little. Unpleasant odors have been for him are intolerable. It was painful to remain in the dark. When he was sick, he wept and sobbed like a child. Imagination he had a vivid and poetic, in dealing with others was gentle, affectionate and even ingratiating to the charm. He liked to talk about religion, eagerly entered into a discourse on religion with Christians, with Jews, with Hanif. Christians living in Arabia, were heretics – Arians and Nestorians. From Ariane M. J. Christ, learned to count only the divine man, a prophet who was killed by the Jews, like many of the previous prophets, enemies of the Arians, Nestorians, M. instilled the idea of illusory suffering of Christ. Most acquaintance with heresies suggested an MA at the thought that many places in the Gospels are distorted. Hanifa made by M. the most powerful and irresistible effect, especially Zeid and Barak, both of them M. remainder of his life considered most holy people. Like Hanif, M. ceased to believe in idols, but then went further: he believed that he was a divine messenger, which tells of the Old Testament Bible and recognize what the gospel. How was it such a belief? AM suffered nervous fear that Europeans first took for epilepsy, and now, after study of medical-Arabist Sprenger (Vol. I, Ch. 3), recognized for muscular hysteria. There are some rather confusing evidence (denied by, for example., Muller, I, 49), from which one can surmise that in the early childhood MS had some kind of attack, accompanied by a vision (see the story the wet nurse Halima in Ibn Hisham, I, 77). Whatever the case, then nothing like this happen again until the 40th year of life M. Sufferers of muscular hysteria, are very prone to self-deception, are inclined to believe as true fruit of his imagination, tend also to visions, hallucinations and ecstasy. M. especially indulged in religious meditations in the sacred months, when he, following the example of Hanif, retreated, along with his family in the desert, wild Mount Hira, near Mecca on. Here he is in a cave alone fasted, prayed and grieved, and then one day he presented himself, in his sleep, not the reality, the heavenly creature (the angel Gabriel, according to Muslims), who ordered him to speak as a prophet-preacher (610). M. did not immediately believed: first, despite the comfort Hedidzhi and Barak, it seemed to him that he is obsessed with an unclean spirit (gin) tormented by terrible doubts and suspicion of his madness, he was eager to unearthly creature was him again. The new vision, accompanied by a hysterical fit, dispelled his doubts, and MM from the time he felt himself a prophet of Islam from then on epileptic revelation came one after another and often are caught in a society. The first new followers of Islam were those who knew well and loved dearly M.: Hedidzha, her daughter from marrying M., Aliya (boy of ten, the son of Abu Talib, passed MA in the family during the famine), and Libertine adopted son, Zeid
MA, and intimate friend of the Prophet – a rich merchant, Abu Bakr, an intelligent, calm, gentle, but firm. Under the influence of Abu Bakr turned to Islam a few relatives and merchant Osman (later the 3rd Caliph), who without it could not marry the daughter of M., beauty Roca. Since the doctrine of Moscow, directed against idolatry, and thus was directed against the rich Meccan aristocracy, commercial interests and welfare of which were closely associated with piligrimskimi fair, then a new prophet has also appealed to a number of poor people and slaves, perhaps around 40, but in general Treatment occurred very slowly. P 614sermon of the Prophet is beyond Hashimova kind and made public, but the number of believers continues to grow at a very low degree. Teaching was not for M. koreyshitov something new (and M. found it very old, unoriginal). Hot enthusiasm pm Meeting was not indifference, and jeers: finding that he was either mad or a poet, and his preaching among the slaves as to discredit him in the eyes of the aristocrats. When M., irritated derision, threatened the tribunal of God and the torments of hell, then started against him, and hostility. In relation to most M. koreyshitam had to be satisfied among bullying: no one would have to deal with Abu Taliban and the whole genus Hashemites, who did not believe in a divine mission to the MM, were nevertheless bound by the laws of family honor and, in Abu Leheba, defended it, but certainly some irony, that an Arab so sensitive, and forced many converts to Mohammedan renounce Islam, and new applications did not occur. With more than harmless followers of the new prophet could ceremony, however, so that the slave-MS allowed the Muslims even reservatio mentalis to save lives. In 615, a small community of Muslims fled on the advice of the Prophet himself, in a Christian country Abessiniyu which could escape from the persecution; abessintsy were considered enemies of the Meccans, and their Christian religion AM mistook for its welcoming (Korean XXIX, 45). First, for the intelligence, had fled there only 11 people. But the prophet has felt lonely and in desperation he even went on assignment koreyshitam, irritated his relations with Abessiniey: he, according to Ibn Sa'd and Tuberia, decided to accept three idols (Ozza, Lath and Menat) as intermediaries between humans and God (Korean LIII, Vietnam. Muir II, 150 sq.; Noldeke, "Tabari", 80). Kopeyshity were honored, were ready to acknowledge M. for this prophet, but it soon (by the Muslims on the next day, according to European researchers – two months later) to retract and explain their weakness the temptation of the devil. In this way he further strained relations, and resettlement in Abessiniyu resumed: only took 101 people. And they, except for a few remained there until the 7 th PM Gizhdry. Good luck suddenly brought Mikhail new ally: the noble mekkanets, known as the sarcastic nickname Abu Dzhehl ("father of ignorance", ie, the "ass"), mocking the AM in the presence of his uncle Hamzah, released a few such comments, which Hamza considered an insult family honor, in indignation, he declared himself a follower of the prophet. Even more important was an appeal of Omar (615), resembling in many respects, The Conversion of Saul to Christianity (Hisham ibn I, 167; Koss. Des Peres. I, 396; Shpreng., II, 83). This was a man of 26 years, not rich and not wealth, but excessive force, an enormous, passionate, decisive, at the same time extremely kind and even prone to sentimentality. It may be that modern historians fall into extreme, recognizing the real founder of Islam, Omar, but you can not deny that he made a driving, propulsive element in teaching MA: without Omar, as European researchers conclude based on the history of the last five years and based on his subsequent role that Islam had nothing to wait for success (Dozy, 38; Muller, I, 318). M. was a man inspired, but not had any practical sense and energy: the first of these qualities had Abu Bakr, the second from Omar. Abu Bakr was impressed by the originality of M. and his enthusiasm, Omar – the weakness of the prophet and the need to help him, Omar. Abu Bakr regulate inconstant spirit of Moscow, gave his ideas of moral bond, gave a speech in front of others, in cases where the need was known for diplomatic finesse, Omar was nominated in those cases where needed his strength and energy. "Thus, the triumvirate was full: MM thought Abu Bakr said, Omar deystvovad" (Dozy, 1939). Accession Omar strongly to lift the weight of the Prophet: from this time the Muslims, at the insistence of the Rock, started sending their prayers no longer in a private house, and publicly, at the Kaaba. Mockery Meccans increased, and they strongly demanded that soon, finally, came the terrible day of God's face trial, long-promised M. They pointed out the source from which M. draws his revelations about the ancient prophet: "with him at night talking a Christian (Gebre) ", they said," and he repeats to us this morning the same "(Korean XXV, 5 – 6).M. did not deny the fact of its relations with Gebre (monophysites, by guessing Nofal), said only: "The language of the foreign rights, and yet my Koran – the purest Arabic language" (Korean, XVI, 105; see also XXV, 5; XLIV, 13). Other evidence indicates that at the same time M.imel relations with Jews. Bible stories he had heard from others, he also called the revelations sent down to him over and this gives rise to Weyl think that in this case M. knowingly cunning, others can see and here self-deception. Of the Meccans stood out in particular his enmity towards Islam AbuSofyan, founder of the Umayyad dynasty's future. It was decided to cease all relations with the family of Hashim (617). Two years lasted for an interdict, removing Hashim clan (except Abu Leheba) from participating in the caravan trade, but finally, the warring parties to reconcile, because after we see no new appeals to Islam, then you need to think that the family made a commitment MA prevent MI prior to the acquisition of new followers. In 619, the die Hedidzha, the former guardian angel of her husband in his moment of doubt, and Abu Talib, did not believe in his nephew, but he bravely guarded. The founder has become the enemy of M. Abu-Leheb. First, he, holding tribal customs, and promised his nephew the same protection, which he had from Abu Talib, but then the enemies of M. Abu Leheba taught him to cope with his nephew, in heaven or in hell will be his ancestors – the Gentiles. MM had courage to say: "hell", and thus lost the last patron. He drew the eyes to Taif, a small town near Mecca, but there he was greeted with derision, saying that Allah has chosen for the embassy would be someone better than him, and even hail stones. Then (in the 620, see Shpreng., II, 526) MS decided to enter into relations with the old Meccan enemies – the inhabitants of Yathrib, which came to the Kaaba at the annual fair and pilgrimage (Muir, II, 181 sq., Proves that the beginning mohammedovyh relations with alien Arabs goes back to the time an interdict imposed on Hashemites). In Yathrib lived Arab tribes ausov and hezredzhey that at the end of V in. power away from inhabited Yathrib Jews, conquered most of them myself, but constantly weakening themselves by mutual feuds. Since 583, the feud ausov and hezredzhey become endless. Meccans treated disrespectfully residents Yathrib, both because there is a flourishing agriculture, not trade, and because the conquering Arabs accepted religion subordinate Jews (well, though not all: besides Judaism there were widespread, and other beliefs, by the way hanifizm and partly Christian ideas). MM shared prejudices of their fellow citizens v. yasribtsev but he saw his situation hopeless in Mecca, and was obliged to accept assistance offered by yasribtsami. Last guided for the first time species are not so much religious as political. Jewish fellow citizens and their subjects more than once threatened them the Messiah, MA – the last prophet of God – very much like a Messiah, and in the calc
ulation of the Arabs was to attract to its side. Furthermore (and this was a major consideration), the continual strife wearied all, but a new religion is able to reconcile the warring parties, and finally, the ancient rivalry between Yathrib to Mecca, also played a role. And so, in Yathrib was sent Meccan missionary Mosab son Omeyra. In 622, in March, held the final negotiations ("the second Aqaba), who led his uncle M., Abbas (nosy progenitor Abbasid dynasty), in Moscow, he did not believe, but he kept his side of the calculation. Koreyshitam could visit everything, but they could not or failed to prevent Muslims openly go to Yathrib in small groups, since April for two months has left 150 people and, besides slaves, few Muslims remained in Mecca. M., with Abu Bakr and Aliem remained there until the end. And when he had to leave, koreyshity, according to legend, decided to elect one representative from each genus, which would have killed the Prophet all together: if relatives AM were unable to raise the war, and willy-nilly would content viroyu. Thanks Aliyu, M. managed to escape from the city for some time he hid in the surrounding mountains (Korean IX, 40) and then with a small entourage made his way to Yathrib, which has since called "Medina (" Medinet he nebiyyi = " city of the prophet. ") Fleeing M. Medina (hijra or gedzhra, gidzhra) is from the time of Omar chronology Mohammedan era, and usually refers to the July 16 622 MM at that time was in 1952Joining the Prophet in Medina was festive. He was recognized as supreme head of a large community, soon embracing him most of the inhabitants of the city, and began to make their reforms. Ausov feuds and hezredzhey stopped: the two parties will soon merged under the common name "Ansar" ("assistants"). In order to merge with the Mohajir Ansar ("parties AH", ie Muslims, the Meccans), the Prophet ordered everyone to choose a mohedzhiru Ansari and considered his next of kin and heir: thus the foundation of social relations formed the religion instead of the earlier start of breeding. However, soon in Islam and Islam have also been recognized and tribal relations, so in theory preached a new principle for social organization, but in practice retained the old (hence the divisions under the Umayyads), yet a new principle has played an important role and introduced Islam discipline , a thing unheard of until the Arabs. Committed and religious organization of the community: a mosque was built (it has been linked also home of the Prophet and, subsequently, his wives), when the mosque was appointed moezzin, have been identified, some formulas of worship is established an annual tax (tithe income), known as "zekat and intended for religious purposes. Using the authority of religious, MA gradually regulated and civil relations between Muslims and Muslims themselves to non-Muslims, he had been approached for the court, its decision there have been very successful, and thus his power in Medina was made gradually and secular – apparently due to his personal qualities. Decisions data M., later became the foundations of Islamic law, they are rarely original, often coincide with the customs of the ancient Arabs and the establishment of the Jewish, especially about marriage. M. tried his best to attract and Madina the Jews, making major concessions to their religion, but they soon discovered that the teachings of the new prophet is not identical with the Mosaic, and were the main opponents of Moscow, trying to catch him on a weak knowledge of the Bible and Talmud. In their indignation at the persistence and ridicule, MA announced that they have perverted the Scriptures. In 623, he changed the qibla, ordering Muslims to seek in prayer, facing Mecca, not Jerusalem, Jewish, instead of posts had been appointed the Muslim fast of Ramadan (Friday, instead of Saturday, was appointed as a holiday before the quarrel with the Jews). The second sura of the Koran contains long attacks on the Jews. More than at them, indignant at the Prophet "menafikov" (literally "pretending"), ie, those Medinese who, seeing the enthusiasm for its young citizens, explicitly recognized the authority of Moscow, while secretly plotting against him plots, because the extremely burdened by religious discipline of Islam (she did for most of the Arabs was unbearable). Leader monafikov (they were old people, heads of families) was Abdollah ibn Obey, who hezredzhi, until the arrival of Moscow, were about to make a king. Unhappy with the people of Medina have brought relations with the Meccans and began to incite them to war with Moscow, but he himself was beginning to think about it. Variable Qibla Mecca was considered a sanctuary to which one had to have access to the hajj, in addition, prophet needed money for the maintenance of poor peasants, which he gave refuge in a mosque. Discord between the two cities were sowing and poets, whose influence can be compared with the current influence of the magazine controversy, to reflect the poetic caustic ridicule opponents, MM directed three Medina is, therefore, the response of satire. In the 623 MM ordered his military commander, Abdollahi ibn Dzhehshu in the sacred month of Rajab (treuga Dei) to plunder Meccan caravan, calmly walking from the skins, wine and raisins in Syria. General disapproval, which was greeted with such a blasphemous deceit, forced Moscow to throw all the blame on imaginary willfulness Abdollahi. However, production was divided among the faithful. By some time, perhaps, is the revelation by which pious deed declared war against the infidels in all seasons (Offensive – the interpretation of the school of Abu Hanifa, the defense – in the opinion of other Muslims). In December 623 or early 624, the Meccan caravan returning from Syria, home laden with goods, Mohammed decided to stop it. Abu Sofyan, who headed the travelers found out about the plot beforehand and sent messengers to Mecca to ask for help. Since each of the more prominent mekkanets had its share of the caravan, then quickly drew a large detachment and hurried to meet Abu Sofyanu. United Meccan forces, including about 600 people (KorIII, 12 – 13), met at the wells valley Beder, with M., who, unaware of their connection, opened the campaign with only 314 people. Circumstances, however, favored M.: koreyshity located on viscous soil eroded before the rain fell, and in addition the sun in the morning the day of battle beat them straight in the eye. These circumstances, in connection with the enthusiasm that was to bring Moscow into his squad before the battle (he had not fought, and prayed), gave the Muslims a decisive victory: when there fell a lot of the oldest and most noble Meccan, the rest to flight (beginning 624 PM). For the triumph of victory of Islam in the thigh has done more than most eloquent sermon: the believers were strengthened in their faith and have hope for material benefits, skeptics believe, nonbelievers wavered, and in general they all realized that MS is a political force to be reckoned with. – The success of his head turned by the prophet. In the days of persecution it was a lovely, gentle, and in his testimony, he certainly believed, because the firm was going to meet the dangers for their beliefs, and although Weill sees in that period, one case of deliberate deception on the part of Moscow, but even the anti -Muslim literature does not support such an accusation ("Protivomus. Collection, vol. VI, p. 10, and 15). But since then, as this oppressed, downtrodden man suddenly got power, we, along with a burst of generosity, time and again we see in him a tyrant, an old man of sense, and perhaps even a conscious writer's revelations. Of the prisoners were executed by those before, in Mecca, scoffed at Moscow – including the poet Nadra ibnHaris, claimed that the Persian tales of heroes is much more interesting than the Koran. When asked Nadra intercession of one of Moslems, his former friend, he answered that Islam destroys all previous relationships. Immediately after the victory at the hip was a victim of reve
nge M. medinka Esma, which amounted to mocking verses against him (her relatives immediately after converted to Islam because, as the naivety of the Arab biographer, saw the power of faith "). After a few weeks, as for satire, was stabbed to death while sleeping, an old Jew, Abu Afak. This was followed by a massacre of the Jewish tribe benikeynoke, which was engaged in dressing of weapons and gold industry. Under the first got the pretext to occupy the outskirts of Moscow, where they lived benikeynoke, and was going to cut them all, but limited their expulsion and the division of property between the rich orthodox, with this action he referred to the revelation from above. Soon after killing several Jewish poets, for their satire (Ka'b bin Ishraf, Soneyna). Meanwhile, fighting continued koreyshitami. Abu Sofyan (April 624) made a raid on Madina; mohammedane again robbed a caravan. In January. 625, the Meccans, having collected an army in 3000, approached the mountain Ohodu, not far from Medina, accompanied them a crowd of women, with wild Hind (the wife of Abu Sofyana) headed. MM could gather only 1000 people., And then 300 of them (monafiki) left at the beginning of the battle. The odds at first leaned to the side of Muslims, and they are not looking at the prevention of MS rushed plunder the camp of opponents, meanwhile, recovered, and the Meccans attacked orthodox utter defeat. MM was severely wounded, he saved with difficulty. Wives koreyshitov in a wild frenzy betrayed desecrated the corpses of enemies, especially in this distinguished Hind, gryzshaya teeth steaming liver of Hamza, who in his hip killed her father and brother. In Medina M. credibility has suffered greatly. He attributed the failure of wrath of Allah on the disobedience of the prophet, however, according to him, ohodskoe lesion had the advantage that denounced monafikov, and the prophet were only undoubtedly correct. With the recent Moscow has made several small expeditions against neighboring Bedouins, driven (in the summer of 625) from the suburbs of Medina Jewish tribe Beni nedyr and his land, trying to justify the revelation of God, he gave one of the Mohajir without Ansari (until a Mohajir was not land in Medina). About AM formed between a harem. He filed a universal temptation, when he married Zeyneb, the wife of his adopted son Zeid. To eliminate all rumors, MA said the revelation in which Allah has allowed in the future to marry a divorced wives adoptive sons. Most institution harem (terem) is also motivated by receiving revelations from Allah in the revelation of the same (Kor LXVI, 1), he later recalled in order to tame the jealousy of the harem inmates to Christian Mariatou (628).The exiled Jews of Medina, who settled in Heiber, incited the Meccans against M. and strong nomadic tribes Soleymieux and Getefan. In February or March 627, the army of 10000 people., Including the Meccans 4000, under the command of Abu Sofyana, surrounded Medina. M. Medina fortified trenches, why this siege is known as the "war of the trenches." Besiegers could distract from the MA last Jewish tribe living in Medina, Beni koreyze, but Moscow, with the help of agents planted, managed to persuade them to suspect the sincerity of their new allies. In the camp of the besiegers began discord, distrust, and they retreated. From the remaining Jews the prophet dealt very harshly: all men of the tribe koreyzov (people 600 – 700) were beaten, women and children sold into slavery, the Bedouins of Najd (the beautiful Rayhan married MA), and property casualty divided between true believers. After power among the neighboring tribes M. consolidated: one tribe after another submitted to him a fear that the greed of production. Then he began to think of Mecca and the need to perform Hajj. To perform the hajj, was elected to the holy month zulkaade (spring, March) 628, when the fight was considered a sin by the Arabs. Nearby tribes dissuaded lack of time; of M. followed to Mecca and Medina only aslamity (total 1500 people.) Armed only with swords, as usual with pilgrims. The Meccans were alarmed and pre-blocked the road. Since it was impossible to fight, then turned right and MM went to Hodeybii, place, located on the border of the sacred. This was followed by talks and a ceasefire was brokered in 10 years: koreyshity pledged next year to let Mohammedan three days in the city to worship the shrine and even gives the right of all interested in Makkah and Arabia in the whole move to Islam, only those subordinate to, adhering to the MM without permission of his master or patron, were to be otsylaemy back; MA, for his part, pledged to give free passage of caravans, going to Syria and from Syria. Satellites Prophet felt such a treaty deadline of shame, especially as to write a dissertation in Moscow failed to achieve for God, the title of "Rehman" ("sir") and the Prophet himself was not awarded the title of "minister of God." They were furious and did not want to obey it, kept his hand of the scribe, and Omar afford even an unusually rude outburst toward Moscow, but he controlled himself and did not show the form of discontent. Follow the circumstances showed that mnimopozorny agreement was better than any victory. Upon his return to Medina, M. sensitively punish the Bedouin, who refused to take part in Hajj: they were eliminated from participation in these expeditions, where you could count on their prey. In the same 628 letters were sent to Moscow to neighboring states with a proposal to convert to Islam and conquered the last dangerous to the Prophet wealthy Jews heyberskie (among them were persecuted and Beni nedyr), but is one Jewish woman, whose name Zeyneb that nearly poisoned M. Not for the former Hodeybii not participate in the sharing of rich mining heyberskoy. If you divide the spoil was found that 1 / 5 of it belongs to the prophet. In February, 629 AM, at the head of 2000 people., Went to Mecca and solemnly performed all the ceremonies that were customary during the hajj in the pre-Islamic pilgrims; Hajj of the Prophet is very important, as a sanction pre-Islamic, pagan custom, and as an example for future generations. Within three days he spent a prophet in Mecca, he managed to acquire some important supporters, and his uncle Abbas, the remaining pagan, but to act in favor of his nephew, his betrothed influential widow-mekkanku Meymunu. In September 3000, the 629 Muslims who had invaded Syria were defeated on the head of the Arabs who were subjects of the Byzantine Empire, with Mute, the Dead Sea. In December 629, the small Bedouin tribe hozeytov who lived near Mecca and stood on the side of Moscow, was attacked by another small tribe – bekritov, union Meccans. After receiving this news, the Prophet rejected peace proposals of the Meccans, who had sent to Medina, Abu Sofyana, and do not tell anyone about tsedi hike, hastily assembled army of Medinese and allied Bedouin tribes. Only in the last minute he told his ten thousand troops, that goes to Mecca, to which he was able to approach quite unexpectedly koreyshitov. Uncle M., Abbas, joined with his nephew on the way, converted to Islam and entered into secret negotiations with Abu Sofyanom.Seeing no other way, Abu Sofyan converted to Islam and most other aristocrats contributed to the fact that Mecca surrendered almost without the shedding of blood (started in January. 630). Dwelt in the holy city of Arabs, MA destroyed all the idols of Kaaba there, and then the idol home, but most Kaaba and the Black stone treated with great respect. Residents of amnesty was announced, the major parties were sent gifts to the city; executed were only four persons, among whom was a singer, make poems to ridicule the Prophet. All the Meccans were forced to accept Islam. The new religion has not diminished the importance of their city but on the contrary, strengthened the superiority of Mecca (all other holy places of pagan Arabia had been abolished), and gave her hegemony over all Arabia, from that day the Meccans diligently to help pay the prophet of Islam other Arabian tribes. Having conquered Mecca, AM
was not so very hard to settle their own religion, or rather, its dominance in the rest of the field self-Arabia (Arab of those who were under the authority or influence of Byzantium and the Persians, already surrendered to Islam under the Caliph). Strong resistance, immediately after the capture of Mecca, had M. hevazintsy and gave him battle at Honeyne. It ended in the victory of Muslims and gave them a rich booty. When the section was provided to the Meccans unfair advantage over Medinese (Korean IX, 60); Medinese grumbled, but the Meccans thought themselves wronged, and anger come to the point that the prophet himself was torn cloak. He, his soothing speech to Medinese, telling them that they in fact and so strong in faith, and heart Meccans to bring to faith in worldly goods. Defeated and robbed hevazintsy had to convert to Islam, after which they were returned from the captivity of their wives and children. One after the other Arab tribes brought humility AM or on their own initiative, or on his orders. By itself, such as religion, Islam was for the Arabs is not attractive: prayer and reading the Koran seemed to them intolerable, and the impact of tithing revenues – extreme injustice, however, the benefits of an alliance with GM and fear made them somehow come to terms with this, and Bedouins no longer kill Muslim missionaries, as it sometimes happened to the conquest of Mecca. Renunciation of the old religion was that the Gentiles did not seriously: the Muslim Allah was known to them from the old religion to the worship of small gods (idols), they first treated with indifference, and superstition, it was possible to preserve within Islam. Characteristically conversion to Islam of the city of Taif. After an unsuccessful siege of the city, Moscow instructed the neighboring tribes to plunder the neighborhood, then appeared to him (in Medina) taifsme ambassadors for talks (in the late 630 AD). They agreed to submit to Moscow and to accept Islam, but not immediately, but after three years, until the same time pronouncing the right not to tithe contributions, not to pray and keep intact its statue of the goddess armor. M. excused by the fact that public opinion is frowned upon to react to the assignment. To this the ambassadors said: "but you said that because God told you to do." Defeated by this argument, the prophet had already begun to dictate to his secretary to the treaty text, which intervened passionate Omar. Draw your sword, he shouted after: "You have destroyed the heart of the prophet – but he will burn your Lord!" – "We are not talking to you, but with MS," coldly remarked one of them. But Mohammed and strongly rejected any deals. After thinking a bit, the people of Taif had agreed to his demands and allowed me to destroy Latu, with weeping women of the tribe. This was the only case of sympathy displayed by the relative to the idols: in other places Arabs casually looked at their destruction. Yes, and Taif ambassadors to explain Moscow during the negotiations that they wanted to keep the idol would be exclusively for women, and some superstitious people the tribe, and his own little to do with the fate of armor. Address taiftsev was more sincere than the rest of the tribes: when, shortly after the death of AM, almost all Arabia had renounced Islam, taiftsy with Medinese remained loyal to the new religion. In the summer of 630, M. assembled an army of 30000 men and 10000 infantry and horsemen, he went to Syria to avenge the defeat mutskoe. Warriors AM was hard to move on the scorching desert, the scorching wind, and they demanded the retreat. In vain did the prophet admonished them, saying that the fire of hell will burn stronger than the summer heat: remonstrances had no effect on the predatory Bedouin, and the army returned home with poludorogi. Lying on his deathbed, too, was preparing for a new AM march on Syria, but he did not have to see it end.Hastening the death of M. himself was aware. In March of 632, he made a solemn (all rites) pilgrimage to Mecca, accompanied by 14,000 Muslims, and a sermon saying, loudly announced that conscious of his prophetic mission to God finished. On returning to Medina, M. made a number of good deeds. From intermittent fever weakened his strength every day, but he refused medication. Wives once used insensitive regulation of the prophet and made him drink some bitter drink, waking up, the prophet made his whole family to drink this medicine. June 7 632, he demanded that ink and paper to write a book that forever will protect his followers from error. "The Prophet was delirious," said Omar, keeping those who wish to fulfill the requirement AM: "because we have the Quran, the word of God" (according to Weil, Omar feared that Moscow has failed to appoint Alia as his successor). They went up controversy: some wanted to do the will of Moscow, while others resisted. Recovering himself, he ordered all to leave Moscow: "delete" not proper to argue in the house of God minister. On June 8, he gathered his strength, suddenly went into a mosque (directly connected to his house) and a touching farewell to the faithful. A few hours later MM really die in the hands of his beloved wife Aisha, daughter of Abu Bakr. He was buried in Medina, and now his tomb – a shrine to pilgrims. Arabia after the death of almost completely renounced Islam, but Abu Bakr and Omar once again managed to adopt Islam and to extend it to other countries, where he got on fertile ground and has been developed. Sources for the history of MI is the Koran and hedisy, "ie, stories about GM and its regulations, recorded from the lips of people who heard them from friends and contemporaries AM or their successors, the names of persons who in succession preserved hedis always exactly are marked. The oldest collection of hedisov – Movatta, Malik ibn-ANES (760) was followed by six others, of which the most important collection of al-Bokhari (d. 869) and Moslima (d. 874); oven. Vol. in the Bulak and Leiden. Based on legends Arabs in the end I. gizhdry began writing the chronicle biography of the Prophet (Muir, I, LXXXIX), but we know of them only quotations that are placed, for example. in "Isábena" ibnHizhra (XV cent.), precious biographical dictionary associates MA (part began publishing Sprenger, in tracing paper.). Of the extant biographies M. oldest – ibnIshaka (d. 768), which Noldeke ("Gesch. D. Qor.", XIV) valued above all others and only Sprenger puts strictest criticism. Works of Ibn-Ishaq came to us in the editorial Ibn Hisham (d. 830): "Siret-op-resul; Arabic ed. Wüstenfelde (Göttingen, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860), it. translate Weil (Shtuttg., 1864), abstract in Barthelemy. Ibn Hisham, in his own consciousness, excluded from Ibn Ishaq sites that can compromise the prophet, but immediate removal from Ibn Ishaq given in Tuberia (published in Leiden., See below). A contemporary of Ibn Hisham, a scientist bibliomaniac Vakydy (d. 823), amounted to "Kitab ol megazi", ie, history of MI after flight to Medina; part of it printed Kremer, Calcutta ("Bibl. Indica", 1855 – 1856) ; a reduction. him. per. with NB the., Wellhausen (BA, 1882). The vast posthumous essay Vakydiya (Tabekat, ie biographer. Dictionary), edited by his secretary, Ibn Saad (nicknamed "Katib olVakydi"), gives us information about an earlier period in the life of M. and his associates separately ( not napechat.). Finally, the important 3, 4 th and 5 th book. Chronicle Tuberia (836 – 922), on the history of MI and containing part of the extraction of Ibn Ishaq and Vakydiya, part of the other early Arabic. Writers (new ed. Leyden, part translated Noldeke, Lade. 1889). Literature. Until the last century, Europeans had a highly misunderstood of M. It is bad to know our yuzhnorus. polemicists (srav. Swan, 1679, and "Alkoran, 1683, J. Halyatovskyi), but in the West went about it even more fabulous legends, which are generally confined to the fact that MM was a blatant liar and a conscious impostor. Such a view is found, among other things, clearly refle
cted in the tragedy of Voltaire: "Mahomet". M. rehabilitation, based on authentic evidence, started the French. Driven by the French protestant Jean Gagné (Gagnier) issued in Latin. transl., Arab. Abulfidy work on M. (Oksf., 1722). By Abulfide mainly Gasnier made and the book: "Vie de M. (Amsterd., 1732), influenced by Voltaire and became an ardent defender of M. (" Essai sur les moeurs "," Lettre civile et honnete "). In 1782sympathetic biography of Moscow, as the Arab authors, gave Savary, a preface to the translation of the Quran (2 nd ed., P., 1882, in "Exposition de la foi mus." Garcin de Tassy). In 1847-48, appeared (in Paris) great scholarly work Kossen de Perceval: "Essai sur l'hist. Des Arabes avant l'islamisme et pendant l'epoque de M.; from a set of newly discovered manuscript sources are illuminated life environment in which acted M., and assembled a wealth of ancient material for the development of the history of the M. The material could not take advantage of H. Weyl, who published in 1843 (in Shtuttg.): "M. der Prophet"; he drew the attention of mainly from the author XVI century., Ibrahim Aleppo; but in a strictly critical study of Weil first shown how to use the Quran in connection with the legends, as sources for the history of M. In 1814, Weil published a "Hist. kritische Einleitung in den Koran "(Bilef.; Russian. per. Malov, with significant gaps, Kaz., 1875, in Titus. Miss. protivomus. Sat"), in 1864, he published in Shtuttg. him. per. Ibn Hisham, in 1866, "Gesch. D. islam. Volker" (Shtuttg.), gave a summary of his research on M. Destroying the old fable of the M. Weil is sometimes hard on him, but nevertheless Weyl's work gave many European historian basis for extolling the individual M.; especially it should be noted Laurent (Laurent, "Etudes sur l'hist. de I'humanite. Les barbares et 1'eglise"). A lot of new ideas expressed on M. Renan, in his "Etudes d'hist. Religieuse", and they were confirmed by the capital works of the three most influential researchers MI – Muir, Sprenger and Noldeke (Will. Muir, "The life of M." , L., 1858 – 61; A. Sprenger, "Das Leben u. die Lehre des MA, BA, 1861-65; Th. Noldeke =" Das Leben M.-s ", Gann., 1863, and "Gesch. d. Qor.", 1860 and others, see Koran). Scientific development issue has not gone further Muir, Noldeke and Sprenger. The results of their labors were popularized Barthelemy Saint-Hilaire. (MM et le Coran ", AP, 1865), but with excessive enthusiasm toward M. impartial summing up the results obtained by the science done with remarkable perspicacity Dutchman R. Dozy in" Het Islamism "(Garl., 1863), Translator . in 1878 to CHF. LANG. ("Essai sur l'histoire de l'islamisme", Par. And Leiden.). At Work "des unsterblichen Dozy" and in the near agreement with him and kept compiling A. Muller (1886, in the history of Onkena) and extensive article Wellhausen (1889, in "Britan. Entsikl.") That are considered the last word in science. Also useful: Krehl, "Die Religion d. vorislam. Araber" (Lpts., 1863) and "Das Leben d. M." (Lpts., 1884); Seid-Emir Ali (Syed-Ameer-Ali), "A critical examination of the life and teachings of M." (L., 1873); Delaporte, "Vie de M., d'apres le Coran et les historiens arabes" (Paris, 1874); Boswort Smith, "M. and M-ism" (London, 1874 – "Arnold said, thinks M. for conscious deceiver). Russian literature is extremely poor compositions of M. In the last century translated incriminating writings Selya and Prideaux (St. Petersburg, 1792). Impartial Op. Washington Irving (perev. in Moscow, 1857) is quite outdated, is not free from the same flaw article Pottier, prefaced by Russian translations of the Quran by Kazimirsky (Wiley, 1864 and 1876). Better work prof. Kazembeka (Muslim), "History Islam" ("Eng. The word", 1860, ¼ 2 and 5, 8, 10). Earlier, in 1845, he gave useful to study the situation of pre-Islamic Arabia ("F MN Ave." ¼ 5). Currently we have an extensive work of Professor. M. MASHANOV (Kaz., 1885): "Outline of the Arabs living in the era of M." (Rets. in "Zap. Vost. Dep. Michael. Total.", II, 283 – 301). In order to polemical histories AM engaged our missionary literature: these are the issues of 4, 6 – 12, 14, 15, Kazan Miss. Protivumusul. Collection "(published in 1873) and in 1893 moved to Tashkent," Islam "I. Ghauri (analysis of Crimean A. – M., 1896, Ott. from the "ethnographer." Reviews "). To share the findings of Western science should be directed to an article by Prof. M. Petrov (in "Essays", 2 nd ed., Kharkov., 1882), book VI. Solovyov (in "Biographical Library" Pavlenkov) and to translate the history of Islam "by A. Mueller (Vol. I, St. Petersburg., 1895).