Biography of Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi (04/07/1807 – 02/06/1882) – the famous Italian patriot genuezets descent, was born July 4, 1807 in Nice in the family of a sailor, early entered the service of the Sardinian Navy, took part in the conspiracy in 1834, it will fail Mazzini's invasion of Savoy, and had to flee to France. Condemned to death at home, for many years led a wandering life in the service of the Tunisian bey, in 1846 offered his services to South American republic of Rio Grande, Montevideo, and he rounds a few ships, suggests, as Chief of privateers, the horror in Brazil. In 1848, when, in Upper Italy revolted against the Austrians, Garibaldi hurried home and with 54 companions in arms had landed at Nice, but first, a happy period of the upper-Italian war had passed. Garibaldi Proposal to fight under the banner of the King of Sardinia Charles Albert was the last rejected, and the Milan Committee instructed Garibaldi's too late to organize a corps of volunteers. With only a shell in 1500 people., Garibaldi, after a stubborn struggle, had to yield to the numerical superiority of the Austrians and moved to the Swiss territory. This desperate persistence, while universal despondency, took the name of Garibaldi is extremely popular throughout Italy. Sicilian boss offered him in his fight against the King of Naples Ferdinand II; but Garibaldi was already in Rome, which led (21 December), several hundred supporters to help their interim government. Selected in the Roman parliament he is in the very first meeting, Feb. 6, 1849, introduced a proposal for the proclamation of the republic. After successful operations against the Neapolitans at Palestrina and Velletri (15 May), he took a prominent part in a brilliant reflection of the French general Udin attacking Rome on 30 April. Udin was forced to take regular siege of Rome, and received strong reinforcements, took it by storm on July 3. Garibaldi led his troops (1550 pers.) North to continue the fight against the Austrians, possessed of Bologna, and reach, if possible, to Venice, still held out against the Austrians. Pressed back to the eastern shore and surrounded by the enemy, he was forced to seek refuge on the sea. Soon after he again landed, but only in order to undergo persecution in the mountains and forests during these wanderings, her mother died of his children, accompanied everywhere by his. Taking its commitment to the salvation of the Italian patriot, he fled to Piedmont but here he was forced to emigrate to North America. In New York, Garibaldi first worked at the soap factory, then got a job as captain of the ship and flies across the Pacific. In 1854, Garibaldi returned to Europe and soon settled on the rocky islet of Caprera (near Sardinia), some which they were purchased and here he took up farming. Cavour called him to a secret meeting in Turin, and persuaded him to take part in the war that Victor Emmanuel was preparing to take against Austria. Despite the strong revulsion felt for Garibaldi and his volunteers ally repairs, Napoleon III, Cavour allow him to organize a corps of volunteers. May 25 1859 Garibaldi, with the rank of General of Sardinia, went with his "alpine rangers" Ticino and not without success, had acted against the Austrian General Urbana. Outraged Villafranchian world, Garibaldi was ready to become the head of the expedition, which was to immediately make an attack a on Rome. It took the personal intervention of Victor Emmanuel, to suspend the expedition, which could renew the war with Austria and destroy the alliance with Napoleon III. Garibaldi disbanded his comrades (November 1859), advising them, however, always be alert and not to disarm. Joining Shemontu Central Italy and the opening of the first North Italian Parliament in Turin had to be purchased at the price of concessions to France, Nice and Savoy. Garibaldi, who appeared in the parliament as an MP from his homeland of Nice, a speech against Cavour, who made him a stranger to Italy, and gave up the title of deputy and general sard. service. Immediately after Garibaldi came to the rescue Sicilian insurgents. On the night of May 5, 1860 he seized two steamer anchored in Genoese harbor, and volunteers from 1200 (the famous "thousand") and 4 guns toward the Sicilian coast. After landing at Marsala, he broke with Calatafimi Neapolitan General Landy, to Palermo, he had already approached with 10 thousandattendees. 30 May Neapolitan general Lanza, after a stubborn battle, gave him the city and a truce. In the capital of Sicily, Garibaldi spent nearly 2 months., Driving it like a dictator, on behalf of Victor Emmanuel. Strong reinforcements arrived to him from Italy. Neapolitans restrained in its power only from the north-eastern edge of the island. July 20 Garibaldi, in terms of both land and sea, attacked them and defeated at Milazzo. Messina, with the exception of the citadel, was cleared Neapolitan. Garibaldi, whose troops are now reach up to 18000 people., Mastered, so the whole island. Under the influence of the "party of action", proclaiming that the first duty of the Italian nation is to join, by all means, Rome and Venice, Garibaldi told a deputation of Sicilians, Sicily, that if the connection with the monarchy of Victor Emmanuel occur sooner than would be achieved the unification of Italy He refuses to proceed and leave. These words of Garibaldi made a deep impression that designated them ministers resigned. Garibaldi himself soon became convinced of the need to entrust the direction of Turin and recognizes the vice-dictator piemonttsa Depretisa proposed for the post Cavour. 19 August, under the guise of the Sardinian Navy, Garibaldi landed near Reggio on the mainland of Italy and Montaleone broke naples. generals. Leaving our troops in Salerno, Garibaldi, September 7, accompanied by only a few officers of his staff, arrived in Naples, from which Francis II fled. In garrison the forts still stood in 8000, but any thought of resistance had been abandoned, and Garibaldi fearlessly entered the city amidst the crowd enthusiastically greeted him. Neapolitan troops retreated to Capua, to start a defensive struggle at the line Volturno. Meanwhile garibaldiytsy moved further north, but were pushed back into Kayyatstso. Encouraged by this success, the Neapolitan army launched an offensive. Garibaldi, who took over command of his troops, only with difficulty succeeded in forcing the enemy to retreat back to Capua. There came to his aid the troops of Victor Emmanuel, the meeting which took place from Garibaldi on October 26. In the vicinity Teano. After passing Capua, November 2 Victor Emmanuel entered Naples. Of Garibaldi asked to be appointed for one year authorized governor of Southern Italy, and the king responded with a sharp refusal. Then Garibaldi, refusing all offered him honors and awards, went to Caprera. In June 1862 he suddenly appeared in Palermo and urged his followers to march on Rome. The company is subjected to severe condemnation on the part of Victor Emmanuel, and when Garibaldi landed from 3000 volunteers on the mainland, he met with the troops of the King, at the foot of the Aspromonte. There was an exchange of gunfire, and Garibaldi was wounded in the leg (28 August).. Treat him with the attention which showed a generally captives Tsareva blood, and when his wound was healed (among other things, the fate of Vladimir Pirogov), he was immediately released from prison, even before his comrades were pardoned. Garibaldi returned to Caprera, where he lived until the spring of 1864, when he traveled to England to give him another unprecedented ovation. When war broke out in 1866, Garibaldi gave themselves at the disposal of Victor Emmanuel, and was appointed commander of the 20 battalions of volunteers. He made a sabotage against the Austrian corps, located in yuzhn. Tyrol, but was defeated on July 3 at Lake Garda, and on Aug. 15 said goodbye to his troops and went to Caprera. Convention signed with France in September 1864, the Italian government pledged not to attack the territory of the Pope and to defend it with arms against a
ny attack to be made from outside its borders. But Garibaldi did not refuse the idea of capture by Rome on their own. As preparations for the expedition, could not be hidden, then the Italian government 23 Sept. 1867 has managed to arrest him in Asinalungo and slid it back to Caprera, but he managed to slip on a boat, among the Italian cruisers. He defeated the papal troops in Monterotondo, but after then in the Papal city. two were French. brigade under the command of gen. Falla, who defeated Garibaldi on Nov. 3 at Mentane. In Figline Garibaldi met with the troops of Victor Emmanuel, was disarmed and a prisoner of war taken to the fort Varinyano near La Spezia, but at the end of September 1868received permission to return to Caprera, where he was the charge of guards. In his involuntary retirement Garibaldi, on the advice of friends, decided to write a series of historical novels (the best of these novels, "Clelia", translated into Russian, LANG., In the "Patriotic. Memoirs" and "Bcemirn. Work"; separately under zaglav. : "Igo monks or Rome in the XIX century." SPb., 1870). Novels Garibaldi directed especially against the papacy and the Catholic clergy. He is in them turn an atheist and a believer, an aristocrat and plebeians, he proclaims himself a champion of hot teachings of Christ and preaches universal peace and pardon, it expresses the wish that the whole globe was put to fire and sword. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Garibaldi, accompanied by two sons, came to the Tour to Gambetta; he was instructed to bossing over the first body of volunteers in the north-east. theater of war, and then over the whole Vosges army. His activities here was unsuccessful. He did not stop marching Manteuffel, between Langrove and Dijon, and later was made from Dijon, allowing Manteyfed, concentrating sufficient forces on the River Oak, could detach against Garibaldi free housing, forced him to 1 Feb.. clean Dijon. Be that as it may, the efforts of Garibaldi's help all the abandoned French deserved a different reception than he made the National Assembly in Bordeaux. Yavyas there as a deputy, he had met only one injury and resigned his elected position. In 1874 the Italian Parliament voted Garibaldi annuity of 100,000 lire, which he initially declined, citing the financial distress of Italy, but in 1876, under the influence of the family, accepted. The last years of his life Garibaldi were poisoned by physical suffering. Died June 2, 1882, and solemnly interred at Caprera. Acts Garibaldi bear the purely epic, and he is a true national hero. He was a knight ideas, selfless, selfless fighter for the unity and freedom of the homeland, which he rendered great service unforgettable. In 1891 a monument to him in Nice; at the same time a former student and friend of his Croce published in Paris "Political Testament Garibaldi. This book reflects the ideas of Garibaldi on International Policy, a map of Europe drawn up in accordance with his dreams. France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Romania, here are a confederation of the Mediterranean Sea, Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine and the Channel islands belong to France, Portugal and Gibraltar – Spain, Dalmatia and Malta – Italy, Macedonia, Crete and Cyprus – Greece. Czecho-Slavic-Balkan confederation, under the patronage of Russia embraces Poland, Bohemia, Carinthia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria. Austrian empire disappeared. Hungary is independent, like Switzerland and Ireland. Prussia got Holland, Wurttemberg, Baden and Bavaria, instead of Pomerania and Silesia. Schleswig-Holstein and Helgoland moved to Denmark. During his stay in South America, Garibaldi had an affair with a married Spaniard Anita, who bore him two sons, Menotti and Ricciotti, and daughter, Teresita, who married General Canzo. In 1860 he married Countess Milanka Raimondi, with which it had passed on the wedding day, her child is not admitted, and in 1879 this marriage was declared null and void. Then he married the former nurse of her granddaughter, from whom he had two children. Widow and each of the five children Garibaldi State appointed an annual maintenance in 10000 lire. See Deivan, "G., vie et aventures 1807 – 1859" (Paris, 1867); Vecchi, "G. auf Caprera" (German transl., Leipzig, 1862); Elpis Melena, "Garibaldis Denkwurdigkeiten" (Hamburg, 1661) and "G., Mitteilungen aus seinem Leben" (2 ed Hanover, 1855); Balbiaui, "Scene storiche della vita politica e militare di GG" (Milinda 1872); Bent, "Life of G." ( Lond., 1881); Guerzoni, "G. con documenti inediti" (Turkish:, 1882 "; Mario," G. ei suoi tempi "(Milinda, 1884);" Epistolario di GG "(Meehl, 1885);" G. Memorie scritte da se stesso "(Flor., 1888).